Global Alternative Energy Market Report 2019, Competitive Landscape, Trends and Opportunities

Table of Contents
1 Alternative Energy Market Overview
1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Alternative Energy
1.2 Alternative Energy Segment by Type
1.2.1 Global Alternative Energy Production and CAGR (%) Comparison by Type (2014-2026)
1.2.2 The Market Profile of Solar
1.2.3 The Market Profile of Wind
1.2.4 The Market Profile of Hydroelectricity
1.2.5 The Market Profile of Geothermal
1.2.6 The Market Profile of Biomass
1.2.7 The Market Profile of Other
1.3 Global Alternative Energy Segment by Application
1.3.1 Alternative Energy Consumption (Sales) Comparison by Application (2014-2026)
1.3.2 The Market Profile of Residential
1.3.3 The Market Profile of Commercial
1.3.4 The Market Profile of Industrial
1.3.5 The Market Profile of Transportation
1.3.6 The Market Profile of Other
1.4 Global Alternative Energy Market by Region (2014-2026)
1.4.1 Global Alternative Energy Market Size (Value) and CAGR (%) Comparison by Region (2014-2026)
1.4.2 United States Alternative Energy Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026)
1.4.3 Europe Alternative Energy Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026)
1.4.3.1 Germany Alternative Energy Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026)
1.4.3.2 UK Alternative Energy Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026)
1.4.3.3 France Alternative Energy Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026)
1.4.3.4 Italy Alternative Energy Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026)
1.4.3.5 Spain Alternative Energy Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026)
1.4.3.6 Russia Alternative Energy Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026)
1.4.3.7 Poland Alternative Energy Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026)
1.4.4 China Alternative Energy Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026)
1.4.5 Japan Alternative Energy Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026)
1.4.6 India Alternative Energy Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026)
1.4.7 Southeast Asia Alternative Energy Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026)
1.4.7.1 Malaysia Alternative Energy Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026)
1.4.7.2 Singapore Alternative Energy Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026)
1.4.7.3 Philippines Alternative Energy Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026)
1.4.7.4 Indonesia Alternative Energy Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026)
1.4.7.5 Thailand Alternative Energy Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026)
1.4.7.6 Vietnam Alternative Energy Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026)
1.4.8 Central and South America Alternative Energy Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026)
1.4.8.1 Brazil Alternative Energy Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026)
1.4.8.2 Mexico Alternative Energy Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026)
1.4.8.3 Colombia Alternative Energy Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026)
1.4.9 Middle East and Africa Alternative Energy Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026)
1.4.9.1 Saudi Arabia Alternative Energy Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026)
1.4.9.2 United Arab Emirates Alternative Energy Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026)
1.4.9.3 Turkey Alternative Energy Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026)
1.4.9.4 Egypt Alternative Energy Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026)
1.4.9.5 South Africa Alternative Energy Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026)
1.4.9.6 Nigeria Alternative Energy Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026)
1.5 Global Market Size (Value) of Alternative Energy (2014-2026)
1.5.1 Global Alternative Energy Revenue Status and Outlook (2014-2026)
1.5.2 Global Alternative Energy Production Status and Outlook (2014-2026)

2 Global Alternative Energy Market Landscape by Player
2.1 Global Alternative Energy Production and Share by Player (2014-2019)
2.2 Global Alternative Energy Revenue and Market Share by Player (2014-2019)
2.3 Global Alternative Energy Average Price by Player (2014-2019)
2.4 Alternative Energy Manufacturing Base Distribution, Sales Area and Product Type by Player
2.5 Alternative Energy Market Competitive Situation and Trends
2.5.1 Alternative Energy Market Concentration Rate
2.5.2 Alternative Energy Market Share of Top 3 and Top 6 Players
2.5.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion

3 Players Profiles
3.1 Abengoa
3.1.1 Abengoa Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors
3.1.2 Alternative Energy Product Profiles, Application and Specification
3.1.3 Abengoa Alternative Energy Market Performance (2014-2019)
3.1.4 Abengoa Business Overview
3.2 SolarReserve
3.2.1 SolarReserve Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors
3.2.2 Alternative Energy Product Profiles, Application and Specification
3.2.3 SolarReserve Alternative Energy Market Performance (2014-2019)
3.2.4 SolarReserve Business Overview
3.3 SEIA
3.3.1 SEIA Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors
3.3.2 Alternative Energy Product Profiles, Application and Specification
3.3.3 SEIA Alternative Energy Market Performance (2014-2019)
3.3.4 SEIA Business Overview
3.4 GE Energy
3.4.1 GE Energy Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors
3.4.2 Alternative Energy Product Profiles, Application and Specification
3.4.3 GE Energy Alternative Energy Market Performance (2014-2019)
3.4.4 GE Energy Business Overview
3.5 Areva
3.5.1 Areva Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors
3.5.2 Alternative Energy Product Profiles, Application and Specification
3.5.3 Areva Alternative Energy Market Performance (2014-2019)
3.5.4 Areva Business Overview
3.6 Siemens
3.6.1 Siemens Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors
3.6.2 Alternative Energy Product Profiles, Application and Specification
3.6.3 Siemens Alternative Energy Market Performance (2014-2019)
3.6.4 Siemens Business Overview
3.7 BrightSource Energy
3.7.1 BrightSource Energy Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors
3.7.2 Alternative Energy Product Profiles, Application and Specification
3.7.3 BrightSource Energy Alternative Energy Market Performance (2014-2019)
3.7.4 BrightSource Energy Business Overview
3.8 Hitachi
3.8.1 Hitachi Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors
3.8.2 Alternative Energy Product Profiles, Application and Specification
3.8.3 Hitachi Alternative Energy Market Performance (2014-2019)
3.8.4 Hitachi Business Overview
3.9 Directed Vapor
3.9.1 Directed Vapor Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors
3.9.2 Alternative Energy Product Profiles, Application and Specification
3.9.3 Directed Vapor Alternative Energy Market Performance (2014-2019)
3.9.4 Directed Vapor Business Overview
3.10 SCHOTT
3.10.1 SCHOTT Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors
3.10.2 Alternative Energy Product Profiles, Application and Specification
3.10.3 SCHOTT Alternative Energy Market Performance (2014-2019)
3.10.4 SCHOTT Business Overview
3.11 Acciona
3.11.1 Acciona Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors
3.11.2 Alternative Energy Product Profiles, Application and Specification
3.11.3 Acciona Alternative Energy Market Performance (2014-2019)
3.11.4 Acciona Business Overview

4 Global Alternative Energy Production, Revenue (Value), Price Trend by Type
4.1 Global Alternative Energy Production and Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
4.2 Global Alternative Energy Revenue and Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
4.3 Global Alternative Energy Price by Type (2014-2019)
4.4 Global Alternative Energy Production Growth Rate by Type (2014-2019)
4.4.1 Global Alternative Energy Production Growth Rate of Solar (2014-2019)
4.4.2 Global Alternative Energy Production Growth Rate of Wind (2014-2019)
4.4.3 Global Alternative Energy Production Growth Rate of Hydroelectricity (2014-2019)
4.4.4 Global Alternative Energy Production Growth Rate of Geothermal (2014-2019)
4.4.5 Global Alternative Energy Production Growth Rate of Biomass (2014-2019)
4.4.6 Global Alternative Energy Production Growth Rate of Other (2014-2019)

5 Global Alternative Energy Market Analysis by Application
5.1 Global Alternative Energy Consumption and Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
5.2 Global Alternative Energy Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2014-2019)
5.2.1 Global Alternative Energy Consumption Growth Rate of Residential (2014-2019)
5.2.2 Global Alternative Energy Consumption Growth Rate of Commercial (2014-2019)
5.2.3 Global Alternative Energy Consumption Growth Rate of Industrial (2014-2019)
5.2.4 Global Alternative Energy Consumption Growth Rate of Transportation (2014-2019)
5.2.5 Global Alternative Energy Consumption Growth Rate of Other (2014-2019)

6 Global Alternative Energy Production, Consumption, Export, Import by Region (2014-2019)
6.1 Global Alternative Energy Consumption by Region (2014-2019)
6.2 United States Alternative Energy Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019)
6.3 Europe Alternative Energy Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019)
6.4 China Alternative Energy Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019)
6.5 Japan Alternative Energy Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019)
6.6 India Alternative Energy Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019)
6.7 Southeast Asia Alternative Energy Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019)
6.8 Central and South America Alternative Energy Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019)
6.9 Middle East and Africa Alternative Energy Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019)

7 Global Alternative Energy Production, Revenue (Value) by Region (2014-2019)
7.1 Global Alternative Energy Production and Market Share by Region (2014-2019)
7.2 Global Alternative Energy Revenue (Value) and Market Share by Region (2014-2019)
7.3 Global Alternative Energy Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
7.4 United States Alternative Energy Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
7.5 Europe Alternative Energy Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
7.6 China Alternative Energy Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
7.7 Japan Alternative Energy Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
7.8 India Alternative Energy Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
7.9 Southeast Asia Alternative Energy Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
7.10 Central and South America Alternative Energy Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
7.11 Middle East and Africa Alternative Energy Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)

8 Alternative Energy Manufacturing Analysis
8.1 Alternative Energy Key Raw Materials Analysis
8.1.1 Key Raw Materials Introduction
8.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
8.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
8.1.4 Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials
8.2 Manufacturing Cost Analysis
8.2.1 Labor Cost Analysis
8.2.2 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis
8.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Alternative Energy

9 Industrial Chain, Sourcing Strategy and Downstream Buyers
9.1 Alternative Energy Industrial Chain Analysis
9.2 Raw Materials Sources of Alternative Energy Major Players in 2018
9.3 Downstream Buyers

10 Market Dynamics
10.1 Drivers
10.2 Restraints
10.3 Opportunities
10.3.1 Advances in Innovation and Technology for Alternative Energy
10.3.2 Increased Demand in Emerging Markets
10.4 Challenges
10.4.1 The Performance of Alternative Product Type is Getting Better and Better
10.4.2 Price Variance Caused by Fluctuations in Raw Material Prices
10.5 Porter’s Five Forces Analysis
10.5.1 Threat of New Entrants
10.5.2 Threat of Substitutes
10.5.3 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
10.5.4 Bargaining Power of Buyers
10.5.5 Intensity of Competitive Rivalry

11 Global Alternative Energy Market Forecast (2019-2026)
11.1 Global Alternative Energy Production, Revenue Forecast (2019-2026)
11.1.1 Global Alternative Energy Production and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2026)
11.1.2 Global Alternative Energy Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2026)
11.1.3 Global Alternative Energy Price and Trend Forecast (2019-2026)
11.2 Global Alternative Energy Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast by Region (2019-2026)
11.2.1 United States Alternative Energy Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026)
11.2.2 Europe Alternative Energy Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026)
11.2.3 China Alternative Energy Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026)
11.2.4 Japan Alternative Energy Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026)
11.2.5 India Alternative Energy Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026)
11.2.6 Southeast Asia Alternative Energy Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026)
11.2.7 Central and South America Alternative Energy Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026)
11.2.8 Middle East and Africa Alternative Energy Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026)
11.3 Global Alternative Energy Production, Revenue and Price Forecast by Type (2019-2026)
11.4 Global Alternative Energy Consumption Forecast by Application (2019-2026)

12 Research Findings and Conclusion

13 Appendix
13.1 Methodology
13.2 Research Data Source

List of Tables and Figures

Figure Alternative Energy Product Picture
Table Global Alternative Energy Production and CAGR (%) Comparison by Type
Table Profile of Solar
Table Profile of Wind
Table Profile of Hydroelectricity
Table Profile of Geothermal
Table Profile of Biomass
Table Profile of Other
Table Alternative Energy Consumption (Sales) Comparison by Application (2014-2026)
Table Profile of Residential
Table Profile of Commercial
Table Profile of Industrial
Table Profile of Transportation
Table Profile of Other
Figure Global Alternative Energy Market Size (Value) and CAGR (%) (2014-2026)
Figure United States Alternative Energy Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026)
Figure Europe Alternative Energy Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026)
Figure Germany Alternative Energy Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026)
Figure UK Alternative Energy Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026)
Figure France Alternative Energy Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026)
Figure Italy Alternative Energy Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026)
Figure Spain Alternative Energy Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026)
Figure Russia Alternative Energy Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026)
Figure Poland Alternative Energy Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026)
Figure China Alternative Energy Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026)
Figure Japan Alternative Energy Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026)
Figure India Alternative Energy Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026)
Figure Southeast Asia Alternative Energy Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026)
Figure Malaysia Alternative Energy Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026)
Figure Singapore Alternative Energy Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026)
Figure Philippines Alternative Energy Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026)
Figure Indonesia Alternative Energy Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026)
Figure Thailand Alternative Energy Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026)
Figure Vietnam Alternative Energy Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026)
Figure Central and South America Alternative Energy Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026)
Figure Brazil Alternative Energy Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026)
Figure Mexico Alternative Energy Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026)
Figure Colombia Alternative Energy Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026)
Figure Middle East and Africa Alternative Energy Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026)
Figure Saudi Arabia Alternative Energy Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026)
Figure United Arab Emirates Alternative Energy Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026)
Figure Turkey Alternative Energy Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026)
Figure Egypt Alternative Energy Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026)
Figure South Africa Alternative Energy Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026)
Figure Nigeria Alternative Energy Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026)
Figure Global Alternative Energy Production Status and Outlook (2014-2026)
Table Global Alternative Energy Production by Player (2014-2019)
Table Global Alternative Energy Production Share by Player (2014-2019)
Figure Global Alternative Energy Production Share by Player in 2018
Table Alternative Energy Revenue by Player (2014-2019)
Table Alternative Energy Revenue Market Share by Player (2014-2019)
Table Alternative Energy Price by Player (2014-2019)
Table Alternative Energy Manufacturing Base Distribution and Sales Area by Player
Table Alternative Energy Product Type by Player
Table Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table Abengoa Profile
Table Abengoa Alternative Energy Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table SolarReserve Profile
Table SolarReserve Alternative Energy Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table SEIA Profile
Table SEIA Alternative Energy Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table GE Energy Profile
Table GE Energy Alternative Energy Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Areva Profile
Table Areva Alternative Energy Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Siemens Profile
Table Siemens Alternative Energy Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table BrightSource Energy Profile
Table BrightSource Energy Alternative Energy Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Hitachi Profile
Table Hitachi Alternative Energy Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Directed Vapor Profile
Table Directed Vapor Alternative Energy Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table SCHOTT Profile
Table SCHOTT Alternative Energy Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Acciona Profile
Table Acciona Alternative Energy Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Global Alternative Energy Production by Type (2014-2019)
Table Global Alternative Energy Production Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Alternative Energy Production Market Share by Type in 2018
Table Global Alternative Energy Revenue by Type (2014-2019)
Table Global Alternative Energy Revenue Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Alternative Energy Revenue Market Share by Type in 2018
Table Alternative Energy Price by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Alternative Energy Production Growth Rate of Solar (2014-2019)
Figure Global Alternative Energy Production Growth Rate of Wind (2014-2019)
Figure Global Alternative Energy Production Growth Rate of Hydroelectricity (2014-2019)
Figure Global Alternative Energy Production Growth Rate of Geothermal (2014-2019)
Figure Global Alternative Energy Production Growth Rate of Biomass (2014-2019)
Figure Global Alternative Energy Production Growth Rate of Other (2014-2019)
Table Global Alternative Energy Consumption by Application (2014-2019)
Table Global Alternative Energy Consumption Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Table Global Alternative Energy Consumption of Residential (2014-2019)
Table Global Alternative Energy Consumption of Commercial (2014-2019)
Table Global Alternative Energy Consumption of Industrial (2014-2019)
Table Global Alternative Energy Consumption of Transportation (2014-2019)
Table Global Alternative Energy Consumption of Other (2014-2019)
Table Global Alternative Energy Consumption by Region (2014-2019)
Table Global Alternative Energy Consumption Market Share by Region (2014-2019)
Table United States Alternative Energy Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019)
Table Europe Alternative Energy Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019)
Table China Alternative Energy Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019)
Table Japan Alternative Energy Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019)
Table India Alternative Energy Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019)
Table Southeast Asia Alternative Energy Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019)
Table Central and South America Alternative Energy Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019)
Table Middle East and Africa Alternative Energy Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019)
Table Global Alternative Energy Production by Region (2014-2019)
Table Global Alternative Energy Production Market Share by Region (2014-2019)
Figure Global Alternative Energy Production Market Share by Region (2014-2019)
Figure Global Alternative Energy Production Market Share by Region in 2018
Table Global Alternative Energy Revenue by Region (2014-2019)
Table Global Alternative Energy Revenue Market Share by Region (2014-2019)
Figure Global Alternative Energy Revenue Market Share by Region (2014-2019)
Figure Global Alternative Energy Revenue Market Share by Region in 2018
Table Global Alternative Energy Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table United States Alternative Energy Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Europe Alternative Energy Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table China Alternative Energy Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Japan Alternative Energy Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table India Alternative Energy Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Southeast Asia Alternative Energy Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Central and South America Alternative Energy Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Middle East and Africa Alternative Energy Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Key Raw Materials Introduction of Alternative Energy
Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
Figure Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials
Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis
Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Alternative Energy
Figure Alternative Energy Industrial Chain Analysis
Table Raw Materials Sources of Alternative Energy Major Players in 2018
Table Downstream Buyers
Figure Global Alternative Energy Production and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2026)
Figure Global Alternative Energy Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2026)
Figure Global Alternative Energy Price and Trend Forecast (2019-2026)
Table United States Alternative Energy Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026)
Table Europe Alternative Energy Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026)
Table China Alternative Energy Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026)
Table Japan Alternative Energy Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026)
Table India Alternative Energy Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026)
Table Southeast Asia Alternative Energy Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026)
Table Southeast Asia Alternative Energy Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026)
Table Middle East and Africa Alternative Energy Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026)
Table Global Alternative Energy Market Production Forecast, by Type
Table Global Alternative Energy Production Volume Market Share Forecast, by Type
Table Global Alternative Energy Market Revenue Forecast, by Type
Table Global Alternative Energy Revenue Market Share Forecast, by Type
Table Global Alternative Energy Price Forecast, by Type
Table Global Alternative Energy Market Production Forecast, by Application
Table Global Alternative Energy Production Volume Market Share Forecast, by Application
Table Global Alternative Energy Market Revenue Forecast, by Application
Table Global Alternative Energy Revenue Market Share Forecast, by Application
Table Global Alternative Energy Price Forecast, by Application