The C-RAN (Centralized Radio Access Network) Ecosystem: 2017 – 2030 – Opportunities, Challenges, Strategies & Forecasts

Table of Contents

1 Chapter 1: Introduction 19
1.1 Executive Summary 19
1.2 Topics Covered 21
1.3 Forecast Segmentation 22
1.4 Key Questions Answered 24
1.5 Key Findings 25
1.6 Methodology 26
1.7 Target Audience 27
1.8 Companies & Organizations Mentioned 28

2 Chapter 2: An Overview of C-RAN 32
2.1 What is C-RAN? 32
2.1.1 Decoupling the Base Station 32
2.1.2 Brief History 32
2.2 Competing RAN Architectures 33
2.2.1 Traditional Macrocells 33
2.2.2 Small Cells 34
2.2.3 DAS (Distributed Antenna Systems) 34
2.3 Key Architectural Components for C-RAN 36
2.3.1 RRH (Remote Radio Head) 36
2.3.2 BBU (Baseband Unit) 36
2.3.3 Fronthaul 37
2.4 Baseband Functional Split Approaches 38
2.4.1 Fully Centralized Baseband Processing: PHY-RF Split 39
2.4.2 Partially Centralized Functional Splits 40
2.4.2.1 Intra-PHY Split 41
2.4.2.2 MAC-PHY Split 42
2.4.2.3 Intra-MAC Split 42
2.4.2.4 RLC-MAC Split 43
2.4.2.5 Intra-RLC Split 43
2.4.2.6 PDCP-RLC Split 43
2.4.2.7 RRC-PDCP Split 44
2.5 Fronthaul Interface Options & Technologies 44
2.5.1 Interface Options 44
2.5.1.1 CPRI (Common Public Radio Interface) 44
2.5.1.2 OBSAI (Open Base Station Architecture Initiative) 45
2.5.1.3 ORI (Open Radio Interface) 45
2.5.1.4 Ethernet 46
2.5.2 Transport Networking Technologies 46
2.5.2.1 Dedicated Fiber (Dark Fiber) 47
2.5.2.2 WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing) 47
2.5.2.3 PON (Passive Optical Network) 47
2.5.2.4 OTN (Optical Transport Network) 48
2.5.2.5 Ethernet 48
2.5.2.6 G.Fast 48
2.5.2.7 Microwave 48
2.5.2.8 Millimeter Wave 49
2.6 vRAN (Virtualized RAN): Transforming C-RAN to Cloud RAN 49
2.6.1 Leveraging Commodity Technologies 50
2.6.2 Moving RAN to the Cloud 50
2.7 Market Growth Drivers 52
2.7.1 Capacity & Coverage Improvement: Addressing the Mobile Data Traffic Tsunami 52
2.7.2 Towards Greener RANs: Cost Efficiency & Energy Savings 53
2.7.3 Agile & Flexible Network Architecture 54
2.7.4 Enhanced Support for Advanced RAN Coordination Features 54
2.7.5 The Benefits of Virtualization 54
2.7.6 Bringing Intelligence to the Edge: MEC (Mobile Edge Computing) 55
2.7.7 Impact of 5G Rollouts 55
2.8 Market Barriers 55
2.8.1 Fronthaul Investments 55
2.8.2 Virtualization Challenges 56
2.8.3 Vendor Proprietary Functional Splits 56
2.8.4 Migration From Legacy Architectures 57

3 Chapter 3: Standardization, Regulatory & Collaborative Initiatives 58
3.1 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) 58
3.1.1 Complementary Features to Support C-RAN 58
3.1.2 Functional Splits for C-RAN Implementation in 5G Networks 59
3.2 Broadband Forum 59
3.2.1 TR-069 for Radio Unit Management 59
3.3 CPRI Initiative 60
3.3.1 CPRI Releases 1.4 to 7.0 for 3G & LTE Fronthaul 60
3.3.2 eCPRI for 5G Fronthaul 60
3.4 ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute) 61
3.4.1 ORI for Fronthaul 61
3.4.2 NFV (Network Functions Virtualization) for Cloud RAN 62
3.4.3 MEC (Multi-Access Edge Computing) 63
3.4.4 Millimeter Wave Transmission for Fronthaul & Other Work 64
3.5 IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) 64
3.5.1 IEEE 802.1CM: TSN (Time-Sensitive Networking) for Fronthaul 64
3.5.2 IEEE P1904.3: Standard for RoE (Radio over Ethernet) Encapsulations and Mappings 64
3.5.3 IEEE 1914: NGFI (Next Generation Fronthaul Interface) Working Group 66
3.5.4 Other Standards & Work Groups 66
3.6 ITU (International Telecommunications Union) 67
3.6.1 FG IMT-2020 (Focus Group on IMT-2020) 67
3.7 MEF (Metro Ethernet Forum) 68
3.7.1 Ethernet Transport for Small Cells & C-RAN 68
3.8 NGMN (Next Generation Mobile Networks) Alliance 69
3.8.1 P-CRAN (Project Centralized RAN) 69
3.8.2 RAN Evolution Project 69
3.8.3 5G Work Program & Other Work 70
3.9 ONF (Open Networking Foundation) & ON.Lab (Open Networking Lab) 70
3.9.1 CORD (Central Office Re-Architected as a Datacenter) 71
3.9.2 M-CORD (M-Central Office Re-Architected as a Datacenter) 71
3.10 OSA (OpenAirInterface Software Alliance) 72
3.10.1 LTE vRAN Implementation 73
3.11 SCF (Small Cell Forum) 73
3.11.1 Release 8: Small Cell Virtualization 74
3.11.2 Release 9: Network Densification and Evolution to 5G 76
3.12 TIP (Telecom Infra Project) 77
3.12.1 OpenCellular – Wireless Access Design Platform 77
3.12.2 Solutions Integration – Unbundled RAN Architecture 77
3.12.3 vRAN Fronthaul 78
3.12.4 Open Optical Packet Transport & Other Projects 79
3.13 xRAN Consortium 79
3.13.1 Standardization for Software-Based RAN 80

4 Chapter 4: C-RAN Deployment Models & Case Studies 81
4.1 Deployment Models 81
4.1.1 Localized 81
4.1.2 Enterprise & Indoor 82
4.1.3 Highly Centralized 83
4.1.4 Virtualized & Cloud RAN 84
4.2 Mobile Operator Case Studies 84
4.2.1 América Móvil Group 84
4.2.2 AT&T 86
4.2.3 BT Group 87
4.2.4 China Mobile 88
4.2.5 China Telecom 90
4.2.6 China Unicom 91
4.2.7 KDDI Corporation 92
4.2.8 KPN 93
4.2.9 KT Corporation 94
4.2.10 LG Uplus 96
4.2.11 MegaFon 98
4.2.12 NTT DoCoMo 99
4.2.13 Orange 101
4.2.14 SK Telecom 103
4.2.15 SoftBank Group & Sprint Corporation 106
4.2.16 Telefónica Group 109
4.2.17 Telenor Group 110
4.2.18 Telus Corporation 111
4.2.19 TIM (Telecom Italia Mobile) 113
4.2.20 Verizon Communications 114
4.2.21 Vodafone Group 116
4.2.22 Zain Group 118

5 Chapter 5: Industry Roadmap & Value Chain 119
5.1 Industry Roadmap 119
5.1.1 2017 – 2020: Gaining Worldwide Traction 119
5.1.2 2020 – 2025: The Cloud RAN Era – Moving Towards RAN Virtualization 120
5.1.3 2025 – 2030: Continued Investments with 5G Network Rollouts 121
5.2 Value Chain 122
5.2.1 Enabling Technology Providers 122
5.2.2 Radio Equipment Suppliers 123
5.2.3 RAN Vendors 123
5.2.4 Fronthaul Network Equipment Vendors 123
5.2.5 Mobile Operators 124
5.2.6 Test, Measurement & Performance Specialists 124

6 Chapter 6: Key Market Players 125
6.1 3Roam 125
6.2 6WIND 126
6.3 Accelink Technologies Corporation 127
6.4 Accelleran 128
6.5 Actelis Networks 129
6.6 ADLINK Technology 130
6.7 ADTRAN 131
6.8 ADVA Optical Networking 132
6.9 Advantech 133
6.10 Airspan Networks 134
6.11 Alpha Networks 135
6.12 Altiostar Networks 136
6.13 Amarisoft 137
6.14 Anritsu Corporation 138
6.15 APRESIA Systems 139
6.16 Aquantia Corporation 140
6.17 Argela 141
6.18 Aricent 143
6.19 ARM Holdings 144
6.20 ARRIS International 145
6.21 Artemis Networks 146
6.22 Artesyn Embedded Technologies 147
6.23 Artiza Networks 148
6.24 ASOCS 149
6.25 ASTRI (Hong Kong Applied Science and Technology Research Institute) 150
6.26 Aviat Networks 151
6.27 Azcom Technology 152
6.28 Baicells Technologies 153
6.29 Benetel 154
6.30 Blu Wireless Technology 155
6.31 BluWan 156
6.32 Boomsense/Bangxun Technology 157
6.33 BridgeWave Communications 158
6.34 Broadcom 159
6.35 CableFree (Wireless Excellence) 160
6.36 Cadence Design Systems 161
6.37 Calix 162
6.38 Cambium Networks 163
6.39 Casa Systems 164
6.40 Cavium 165
6.41 CBNL (Cambridge Broadband Networks Ltd.) 166
6.42 CCI (Communication Components, Inc.) 167
6.43 CCS (Cambridge Communication Systems) 168
6.44 cellXica 169
6.45 Ceragon Networks 170
6.46 CEVA 171
6.47 Ciena Corporation 172
6.48 Cisco Systems 173
6.49 Clavister 175
6.50 Cobham Wireless 176
6.51 Coherent Logix 177
6.52 Collision Communications 178
6.53 Comcores 179
6.54 CommAgility 180
6.55 CommScope 181
6.56 Contela 182
6.57 Corecess 183
6.58 Coriant 184
6.59 Corning 185
6.60 Dali Wireless 186
6.61 DASAN Zhone Solutions 187
6.62 Datang Mobile 188
6.63 Dell Technologies 189
6.64 DragonWave 190
6.65 eASIC Corporation 191
6.66 E-Band Communications 192
6.67 EBlink 193
6.68 ECI Telecom 194
6.69 Ekinops 195
6.70 ELVA-1 196
6.71 Eoptolink Technology 197
6.72 Ericsson 198
6.73 Ethernity Networks 201
6.74 ETRI (Electronics & Telecommunications Research Institute, South Korea) 202
6.75 Exalt Wireless 203
6.76 EXFO 204
6.77 ExteNet Systems 205
6.78 Extreme Networks 206
6.79 Facebook 207
6.80 Fairwaves 209
6.81 Faraday Technology Corporation 210
6.82 FastBack Networks 211
6.83 FiberHome Technologies 212
6.84 FibroLan 213
6.85 Finisar Corporation 214
6.86 Flex Logix Technologies 215
6.87 Foxconn Interconnect Technology 216
6.88 Fraunhofer FOKUS  (Institute for Open Communication Systems) 217
6.89 Fraunhofer HHI (Heinrich Hertz Institute) 218
6.90 Frog Cellsat 219
6.91 Fujian Sunnada Network Technology 220
6.92 Fujitsu 221
6.93 Furukawa Electric Group 222
6.94 GigaLight 223
6.95 GlobalFoundaries 224
6.96 Google 225
6.97 HCL Technologies 227
6.98 HFR 228
6.99 Hisense 229
6.100 Hitachi 230
6.101 HPE (Hewlett Packard Enterprise) 231
6.102 Huahuan 232
6.103 Huawei 233
6.104 HUBER+SUHNER 236
6.105 HXI 237
6.106 IBM Corporation 238
6.107 IDT (Integrated Device Technology) 239
6.108 Imec International 240
6.109 InCoax 241
6.110 Infineon Technologies 242
6.111 Infinera 243
6.112 InfiNet Wireless 244
6.113 InnoLight Technology 245
6.114 Intel Corporation 246
6.115 InterDigital 248
6.116 Intracom Telecom 249
6.117 IP Light 250
6.118 ip.access 251
6.119 IPITEK 252
6.120 Iskratel 253
6.121 IS-Wireless 254
6.122 ITRI (Industrial Technology Research Institute, Taiwan) 255
6.123 JMA Wireless 256
6.124 JRC (Japan Radio Company) 257
6.125 Juni Global 258
6.126 Kathrein-Werke KG 259
6.127 KEYMILE 260
6.128 Keysight Technologies 261
6.129 Kisan Telecom 263
6.130 KMW 264
6.131 Lattice Semiconductor 265
6.132 LightPointe Communications 266
6.133 Lindsay Broadband 267
6.134 Loea Corporation 268
6.135 Lumentum 269
6.136 Luminate Wireless 270
6.137 MACOM Technology Solutions Holdings 271
6.138 Maja Systems 272
6.139 Maven Wireless 273
6.140 Mavenir Systems 274
6.141 MAX4G 275
6.142 MaxLinear 276
6.143 Mellanox Technologies 277
6.144 Microsemi Corporation 278
6.145 Microwave Networks 279
6.146 MIMOtech 280
6.147 Mitsubishi Electric Corporation 281
6.148 Mobiveil 282
6.149 Molex 283
6.15 Moseley Associates 284
6.151 MRV Communications 285
6.152 MTI (Microelectronics Technology, Inc.) 286
6.153 N.A.T. 287
6.154 Nash Technologies 288
6.155 NEC Corporation 289
6.156 Netonomics 291
6.157 NETSCOUT Systems 292
6.158 New Postcom Equipment 293
6.159 Nexcomm Systems 294
6.16 NexxCom Wireless 295
6.161 Node-H 296
6.162 Nokia Networks 297
6.163 NuRAN Wireless 300
6.164 NXP Semiconductors 301
6.165 Octasic 302
6.166 OE Solutions 303
6.167 Omnitron Systems 304
6.168 OneAccess Networks 305
6.169 Parallel Wireless 306
6.17 Peraso Technologies 307
6.171 Phluido 308
6.172 PMN (Private Mobile Networks) 309
6.173 Polewall 310
6.174 Potevio 311
6.175 Proxim Wireless Corporation 312
6.176 Qualcomm 313
6.177 Qucell 315
6.178 Qwilt 316
6.179 RACOM 317
6.18 RAD Data Communications 318
6.181 Radisys Corporation 319
6.182 RADWIN 320
6.183 Raisecom 321
6.184 Range Networks 322
6.185 Red Hat 323
6.186 Redline Communications 324
6.187 REMEC Broadband Wireless Networks 325
6.188 Saguna Networks 326
6.189 SAI Technology 327
6.19 Samji Electronics 328
6.191 Samsung Electronics 329
6.192 Sarokal Test Systems 332
6.193 SerComm Corporation 333
6.194 SIAE Microelectronica 334
6.195 Siklu Communication 335
6.196 Sistelbanda 336
6.197 SITRONICS 337
6.198 SK Telesys 338
6.199 SkyFiber 339
6.2 Solectek Corporation 340
6.201 SOLiD 341
6.202 Sooktha 342
6.203 Source Photonics 343
6.204 Spectronite 344
6.205 SpiderCloud Wireless 345
6.206 SRS (Software Radio Systems) 346
6.207 Star Solutions 347
6.208 Sumitomo Electric Industries 348
6.209 Sunwave Solutions 349
6.21 Tarana Wireless 350
6.211 Tata Elxsi 351
6.212 TEKTELIC Communications 352
6.213 Telco Systems 353
6.214 Tellabs 354
6.215 Tellion 355
6.216 Telrad Networks 356
6.217 TI (Texas Instruments) 357
6.218 Trango Systems 358
6.219 Transition Networks 359
6.22 Ubiquoss 360
6.221 UTStarcom 361
6.222 Vanu 362
6.223 Viavi Solutions 363
6.224 VMware 364
6.225 Vubiq Networks 365
6.226 Wave1 366
6.227 WiPro 367
6.228 Xelic 368
6.229 Xilinx 369
6.23 ZTE 371

7 Chapter 7: Market Analysis & Forecasts 373
7.1 Global Outlook for C-RAN Investments 373
7.2 Segmentation by Air Interface Technology 374
7.2.1 3G & LTE 374
7.2.2 5G NR (New Radio) 375
7.3 Segmentation by Network Architecture 375
7.3.1 Non-Virtualized C-RAN 376
7.3.2 vRAN/Cloud RAN 376
7.4 Segmentation by Submarket 377
7.4.1 RRHs 377
7.4.2 RRH Segmentation by Air Interface Technology 378
7.4.2.1 3G & LTE 379
7.4.2.2 5G NR 380
7.4.3 RRH Segmentation by Deployment Model 381
7.4.3.1 Indoor 382
7.4.3.2 Outdoor 383
7.4.4 RRH Segmentation by Cell Size 384
7.4.4.1 Small Cells 385
7.4.4.2 Macrocells 386
7.4.5 BBUs 387
7.4.6 BBU Segmentation by Air Interface Technology 388
7.4.6.1 3G & LTE 389
7.4.6.2 5G NR 390
7.4.7 Fronthaul 391
7.4.8 Fronthaul Segmentation by Transport Network Technology 392
7.4.8.1 Dedicated Fiber 392
7.4.8.2 WDM 393
7.4.8.3 OTN & PON 393
7.4.8.4 Ethernet 394
7.4.8.5 Microwave 394
7.4.8.6 Millimeter Wave 395
7.4.8.7 G.Fast & Others 395
7.5 Segmentation by Region 396
7.5.1 RRHs 396
7.5.2 BBUs 397
7.5.3 Fronthaul 398
7.6 Asia Pacific 399
7.6.1 RRHs 399
7.6.2 BBUs 400
7.6.3 Fronthaul 401
7.7 Eastern Europe 402
7.7.1 RRHs 402
7.7.2 BBUs 403
7.7.3 Fronthaul 404
7.8 Latin & Central America 405
7.8.1 RRHs 405
7.8.2 BBUs 406
7.8.3 Fronthaul 407
7.9 Middle East & Africa 408
7.9.1 RRHs 408
7.9.2 BBUs 409
7.9.3 Fronthaul 410
7.1 North America 411
7.10.1 RRHs 411
7.10.2 BBUs 412
7.10.3 Fronthaul 413
7.11 Western Europe 414
7.11.1 RRHs 414
7.11.2 BBUs 415
7.11.3 Fronthaul 416

8 Chapter 8: Conclusion & Strategic Recommendations 417
8.1 Why is the Market Poised to Grow? 417
8.2 Competitive Industry Landscape: Acquisitions, Alliances & Consolidation 417
8.3 Setting the Foundation for 5G NR (New Radio) Upgrades 418
8.4 Integration with MEC (Mobile Edge Computing) 419
8.5 Towards a User Centric RAN Architecture 419
8.6 RAN Disaggregation: Blurring the Lines Between Small Cells and C-RAN 420
8.7 The Emergence of Enterprise RAN Platforms 421
8.8 Prospects of Cloud RAN 422
8.9 RANaaS (RAN-as-a-Service): Envisioning the Future of C-RAN 423
8.1 Enabling RAN Slicing 424
8.11 What is the Cost Savings Potential of C-RAN? 426
8.12 Geographic Outlook: Which Countries Offer the Highest Growth Potential? 427
8.13 Which Submarket will Lead the Market? 428
8.14 Strategic Recommendations 429
8.14.1 C-RAN Solution Providers 429
8.14.2 Mobile Operators 430

List of Figures

Figure 1: C-RAN Architecture 32
Figure 2: Key Characteristics of Small Cells 34
Figure 3: Key RRH & BBU Functions 37
Figure 4: RAN Functional Split Options 38
Figure 5: Examples of Maximum Required Bitrate on a Fronthaul Link for Possible PHY-RF Split 39
Figure 6: Performance Comparison of RAN Functional Split Options 41
Figure 7: CPRI Protocol Layers 45
Figure 8: vRAN Architecture 50
Figure 9: Cloud RAN Concept 52
Figure 10: Annual Global Throughput of Mobile Network Data Traffic by Region: 2017 – 2030 (Exabytes) 53
Figure 11: ETSI NFV Architecture 63
Figure 12: M-CORD Focus Areas 73
Figure 13: Small Cell Forum's Release Publication Process 75
Figure 14: nFAPI Interfaces 76
Figure 15: Localized C-RAN Deployment Model 82
Figure 16: Enterprise C-RAN Deployment Model 83
Figure 17: China Mobile’s Cloud RAN Vision 90
Figure 18: NTT DoCoMo’s Advanced C-RAN Architecture 101
Figure 19: Orange's Vision of C-RAN Fronthaul Implementation 103
Figure 20: SK Telecom's SDRAN (Software Defined RAN) Architecture 105
Figure 21: SoftBank's Virtualized Small Cell Trial 108
Figure 22: C-RAN Industry Roadmap 120
Figure 23: C-RAN Value Chain 123
Figure 24: Global C-RAN Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million) 374
Figure 25: Global C-RAN RRH & BBU Revenue by Air Interface Technology: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million) 375
Figure 26: Global C-RAN RRH & BBU Revenue in 3G & LTE Networks: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million) 375
Figure 27: Global C-RAN RRH & BBU Revenue in 5G NR Networks: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million) 376
Figure 28: Global C-RAN RRH & BBU Revenue by Network Architecture: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million) 376
Figure 29: Global Non-Virtualized C-RAN Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million) 377
Figure 30: Global vRAN/Cloud RAN Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million) 377
Figure 31: Global C-RAN Revenue by Submarket: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million) 378
Figure 32: Global RRH Unit Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units) 378
Figure 33: Global RRH Unit Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million) 379
Figure 34: Global RRH Unit Shipments by Air Interface Technology: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units) 379
Figure 35: Global RRH Unit Shipment Revenue by Air Interface Technology: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million) 380
Figure 36: Global 3G & LTE RRH Unit Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units) 380
Figure 37: Global 3G & LTE RRH Unit Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million) 381
Figure 38: Global 5G NR RRH Unit Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units) 381
Figure 39: Global 5G NR RRH Unit Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million) 382
Figure 40: Global RRH Unit Shipments by Deployment Model: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units) 382
Figure 41: Global RRH Unit Shipment Revenue by Deployment Model: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million) 383
Figure 42: Global Indoor RRH Unit Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units) 383
Figure 43: Global Indoor RRH Unit Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million) 384
Figure 44: Global Outdoor RRH Unit Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units) 384
Figure 45: Global Outdoor RRH Unit Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million) 385
Figure 46: Global RRH Unit Shipments by Cell Size: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units) 385
Figure 47: Global RRH Unit Shipment Revenue by Cell Size: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million) 386
Figure 48: Global Small Cell RRH Unit Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units) 386
Figure 49: Global Small Cell RRH Unit Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million) 387
Figure 50: Global Macrocell RRH Unit Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units) 387
Figure 51: Global Macrocell RRH Unit Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million) 388
Figure 52: Global C-RAN BBU Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units) 388
Figure 53: Global C-RAN BBU Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million) 389
Figure 54: Global C-RAN BBU Shipments by Air Interface Technology: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units) 389
Figure 55: Global C-RAN BBU Shipment Revenue by Air Interface Technology: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million) 390
Figure 56: Global 3G & LTE C-RAN BBU Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units) 390
Figure 57: Global 3G & LTE C-RAN BBU Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million) 391
Figure 58: Global 5G NR C-RAN BBU Shipments: 2019 – 2030 (Thousands of Units) 391
Figure 59: Global 5G NR C-RAN BBU Shipment Revenue: 2019 – 2030 ($ Million) 392
Figure 60: Global Fronthaul Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million) 392
Figure 61: Global Fronthaul Revenue by Transport Network Technology: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million) 393
Figure 62: Global Dedicated Fiber Fronthaul Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million) 393
Figure 63: Global WDM Fronthaul Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million) 394
Figure 64: Global OTN & PON Fronthaul Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million) 394
Figure 65: Global Ethernet Fronthaul Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million) 395
Figure 66: Global Microwave Fronthaul Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million) 395
Figure 67: Global Millimeter Wave Fronthaul Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million) 396
Figure 68: Global G.Fast & Other Technologies Fronthaul Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million) 396
Figure 69: C-RAN Revenue by Region: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million) 397
Figure 70: RRH Unit Shipments by Region: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units) 398
Figure 71: RRH Unit Shipment Revenue by Region: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million) 398
Figure 72: C-RAN BBU Shipments by Region: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units) 398
Figure 73: C-RAN BBU Shipment Revenue by Region: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million) 399
Figure 74: Fronthaul Revenue by Region: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million) 399
Figure 75: Asia Pacific C-RAN Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million) 400
Figure 76: Asia Pacific RRH Unit Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units) 401
Figure 77: Asia Pacific RRH (Remote Radio Head) Unit Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million) 401
Figure 78: Asia Pacific C-RAN BBU Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units) 401
Figure 79: Asia Pacific C-RAN BBU Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million) 402
Figure 80: Asia Pacific Fronthaul Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million) 402
Figure 81: Eastern Europe C-RAN Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million) 403
Figure 82: Eastern Europe RRH Unit Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units) 404
Figure 83: Eastern Europe RRH Unit Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million) 404
Figure 84: Eastern Europe C-RAN BBU Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units) 404
Figure 85: Eastern Europe C-RAN BBU Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million) 405
Figure 86: Eastern Europe Fronthaul Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million) 405
Figure 87: Latin & Central America C-RAN Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million) 406
Figure 88: Latin & Central America RRH Unit Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units) 406
Figure 89: Latin & Central America RRH Unit Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million) 407
Figure 90: Latin & Central America C-RAN BBU Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units) 407
Figure 91: Latin & Central America C-RAN BBU Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million) 408
Figure 92: Latin & Central America Fronthaul Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million) 408
Figure 93: Middle East & Africa C-RAN Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million) 409
Figure 94: Middle East & Africa RRH Unit Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units) 409
Figure 95: Middle East & Africa RRH Unit Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million) 410
Figure 96: Middle East & Africa C-RAN BBU Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units) 410
Figure 97: Middle East & Africa C-RAN BBU Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million) 411
Figure 98: Middle East & Africa  Fronthaul Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million) 411
Figure 99: North America C-RAN Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million) 412
Figure 100: North America RRH Unit Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units) 412
Figure 101: North America RRH Unit Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million) 413
Figure 102: North America C-RAN BBU Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units) 413
Figure 103: North America C-RAN BBU Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million) 414
Figure 104: North America Fronthaul Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million) 414
Figure 105: Western Europe C-RAN Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million) 415
Figure 106: Western Europe RRH Unit Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units) 415
Figure 107: Western Europe RRH Unit Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million) 416
Figure 108: Western Europe C-RAN BBU Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units) 416
Figure 109: Western Europe C-RAN BBU Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million) 417
Figure 110: Western Europe Fronthaul Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million) 417
Figure 111: Global Enterprise RAN Investments: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million) 422
Figure 112: Distribution of C-RAN Investments by Network Architecture: 2020 (%) 423
Figure 113: Conceptual Architecture for Network Slicing in Mobile Networks 425
Figure 114: TCO Comparison Between Conventional RAN, C-RAN and Cloud RAN Architectures ($ per GB) 427
Figure 115: Global C-RAN Spending Breakdown by Submarket: 2020 (%) 429