Photovoltaics: Global Markets and Technologies

Report Summary

Global shipments of photovoltaic cells/modules reached 11,102 megawatts in 2010, and are expected to reach 55,621 megawatts by 2015, a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 38%.

The value of materials was estimated at $21.8 million in 2009 and $26.5 million in 2010. Improved manufacturing methods and efficiencies will reduce the actual quantities of materials used in solar cells and the value of materials will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 12.3% through 2015 to reach a value of $47 million.

The value of global module shipments was estimated at $32.4 million in 2009 and $41.2 million in 2010. The value of shipments will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 13.6% from 2010 to 2015 because of economies of scale and more efficient PV production methods, reaching a value of nearly $78 million.

INTRODUCTION

STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

BCC Research’s goal in conducting this study0.. was to determine the current status of the global market for photovoltaics (PV) and then to assess their growth potential over a 6 year period from 2009 to 2010 and then to 2015. We last studied this industry in 2007 and were particularly interested in the impact on the market by the surging global demand for energy, improvements in solar PV technology, declining costs of photovoltaics, and the impact of climate change on alternative fuels.

We were also interested in the impact of incentives on solar sales and installations. Our key objective was to preset a comprehensive analysis of the current market for PV and its future direction.

REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY

PV technology dates back to the 1950s and the advent of the space program, but the concerted effort to develop this technology for industry and consumer use began during the oil embargoes of the 1970s. The eventual stabilization of oil prices had a dampening effect on investment, tax credits, and government funding for research and development.

Despite these challenges, the development of PV and its materials continued and, in the late 1990s, R&D funding, cost-shared programs, and industry activity once again increased. The growth rate of this technology has been exceptionally high reaching annual growth rates of 30% to 40% and higher over the past two decades.

In the first decade of the 21st century, oil prices surged as demand rose at unprecedented rates. PV once again took the spotlight as an emerging technology. Companies in the PV business have focused on reaching grid parity—the meeting of cost for fossil fuel and solar energy—as a way to broaden the scope of PV. Nations and individual states began to offer serious incentives such as tariffs and tax credits for solar customers. Consequently, we were interested in looking at this industry once again to chart its potential.

INTENDED AUDIENCE

In this PV study, we present current and emerging technologies, detail the industry structure, (e.g., the leading players in equipment and materials) and analyze the competitive environment, major applications, current and future markets, growth factors and detail shipments of cells and modules for 2009, 2010 and 2015. This study will be of interest to those who make semiconductor thin film manufacturing equipment, thin films, electrical connectors, optical devices, and materials such as silicon, steel, polymers and ceramics. It will also be of interest to those companies engaged in nanotechnology and materials for flexible substrates.

In addition, utility companies, construction firms and those involved with the space program will find its contents to be of value.

SCOPE OF REPORT

The scope of this study encompasses the major PV technologies monocrystalline silicon, multicrystalline silicon, thin films (e.g., amorphous silicon, cadmium telluride, copper indium diselenide), compound semiconductor materials (e.g., gallium arsenide) and emerging approaches such as nanostructured films, dye-sensitized solar cells and organic technologies. BCC Research analyzes each technology, examines its current and potential efficiency, assesses the current market status of each, examines its future market impact, and presents shipments of PV cells and their values for 2009, 2010 and 2015. Various technical issues are discussed and a thorough economic analysis of each technology and its impact on future growth is presented.

In this report, we analyze the PV industry on a global basis, including manufacturing capacity and consumption by various regional markets. We examine government funding and support, industry involvement, standards, the environmental impact of solar energy, and the impact of incentives to use PV. We also discuss the potential for applications—both grid-connected and standalone. Projections of cell and module shipments by major applications are also presented for the 3 years covered in our study.

METHODOLOGY

Both primary and secondary research methodologies were used in preparing this study. BCC Research presents an analysis for each PV technology of the number of cells, measured in megawatts, shipped in 2009. Our estimated values are what manufacturers have paid in undepreciated dollars. Then, based on our surveys, we analyze the potential for each technology, and forecast shipments for 2010 and 2015. We also analyze the cost of manufacturing the cells and modules and present an estimated value of shipments over the forecast period. We do the same analysis for key materials used in PV technology.

Table of Contents

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
REASONS FOR DOING THIS STUDY
INTENDED AUDIENCE
SCOPE OF REPORT
METHODOLOGY
INFORMATION SOURCES
ANALYST’S CREDENTIALS
RELATED BCC REPORTS
BCC ONLINE SERVICES
DISCLAIMER

CHAPTER TWO:: SUMMARY

SUMMARY
SUMMARY TABLE GLOBAL PHOTOVOLTAIC MARKET: MODULE SHIPMENTS AND MATERIALS, THROUGH 2015 (MEGAWATTS, $ MILLIONS)
SUMMARY FIGURE VALUE OF GLOBAL PHOTOVOLTAIC MARKET: MODULE SHIPMENTS AND MATERIALS, 2009-2015 ($ MILLIONS)

CHAPTER THREE: OVERVIEW
BACKGROUND
CURRENT ENVIRONMENT

TABLE 1 THE GLOBAL ENERGY PROBLEM

DEMAND FOR ENERGY CONTINUES TO GROW
CLIMATE CHANGE NEEDS ALTERNATIVE ENERGY
INADEUQATE FUEL RESERVES CALL FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY
Carbon Sequestration
Nuclear Power
THE NEED FOR SOLAR POWER

TABLE 2 ADVANTAGES OF SOLAR ENERGY

PV TECHNOLOGIES

TABLE 3 MAJOR PHOTOVOLTAIC TECHNOLOGIES

BALANCE OF SYSTEMS
Module Frames
Interconnections
Encapsulation
PV APPLICATIONS

TABLE 4 KEY APPLICATIONS OF PHOTOVOLTAICS

CHAPTER FOUR: PHOTOVOLTAIC INDUSTRY STRUCTURE
LEADING PHOTOVOLTAIC MANUFACTURERS

TABLE 5 LEADING MANUFACTURERS OF PV CELLS, MODULES AND SYSTEMS

PV MANUFACTURING BY REGION

TABLE 6 GLOBAL SHARES OF PV PRODUCTION BY REGION, 2009-2015 (%)

FIGURE 1 GLOBAL PV CELL/MODULE MANUFACTURING BY REGION 2009-2015 (%)

PV CONSUMPTION BY REGION

TABLE 7 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION OF PV CELLS BY REGION, 2009-2015 (%)
FIGURE 2 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION OF PV CELLS BY REGION, 2009-2015 (%)

MARKET SHARES

TABLE 8 ESTIMATED TOP TEN GLOBAL PV PRODUCTION BY COMPANY, 2009 (MEGAWATTS/%)

DEVELOPING ADVANCED PV TECHNOLOGY

TABLE 9 SELECTED ORGANIZATIONS DEVELOPING SOLAR CELLS AND RELATED TECHNOLOGIES

COMPANY PROFILES
AMONIX COMPANY
ASCENT SOLAR TECHNOLOGIES
BP SOLAR US
CHINA SUNERGY
CONERGY AG
ENXCO
EVERGREEN SOLAR INC.
FIRST SOLAR INC.
ISOFOTON SOLAR
JA SOLAR PV TECHNOLOGY
KYOCERA SOLAR
MIASOLE
MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC CORP.
MOTECH INDUSTRIES, INC.
OERLIKON SOLAR
Q-CELLS
SCHOTT SOLAR PV INC.
SHARP SOLAR CORPORATION
SOLARIA CORPORATION
SUNPOWER CORPORATION
SUNTECH POWER HOLDINGS CO. LTD.
TATA BP SOLAR, BANGALORE
UNITED SOLAR OVONIC LLC
WURTH SOLAR GMBH & CO. KG
YINGLING GREEN ENERGY HOLDINGS CO. LTD.
SUMMARY
CHAPTER FIVE: PHOTOVOLTAIC TECHNOLOGY
THE PV EFFECT
SILICON AND THE PV EFFECT
Creating Charge Carriers
Forming the Electric Field
Driving the Charge Carriers
Energy Band Gaps

TABLE 10 IMPORTANCE OF SELECTING MATERIALS WITH PROPER BAND GAP ENERGY

MONOCRYSTALLINE SILICON TECHNOLOGY
PRODUCING A MONOCRYSTALLINE SOLAR CELL

TABLE 11 ELEMENTS COMMON TO ALL PV CELLS

The Importance of Electrical Contacts

TABLE 12 MAJOR PARAMETERS FOR SOLAR CELL MATERIALS

MULTICRYSTALLINE SOLAR CELLS
MANUFACTURING MULTICRYSTALLINE CELLS
Cast Process
Ribbon Crystal Silicon
The Evergreen Solar Approach
THIN FILM SOLAR CELLS

TABLE 13 OBJECTIVES OF THIN FILM SOLAR CELLS

AMORPHOUS SILICON
Properties of Amorphous Silicon

TABLE 14 MAJOR ADVANTAGES OF AMORPHOUS SILICON

Early Problems
Solution Efforts

TABLE 15 AMORPHOUS SILICON R&D ACTIVITIES

TABLE 16 TYPICAL STRUCTURE OF A TRIPLE JUNCTION A-SI CELL

COPPER INDIUM DISELENIDE

TABLE 17 CELL STRUCTURE OF POLYCRYSTALLINE THIN FILM

Fabricating CIS Cells
CIS R & D

CADMIUM TELLURIDE CELLS
Manufacturing Cadmium Telluride Cells
Environmental Concerns
Research Activities

TABLE 18 RESEARCH ACTIVITIES FOR CADMIUM TELLURIDE CELLS

SOLAR CELL EFFICIENCIES
PHOTOVOLTAIC CONVERSION EFFICIENCY DEFINED
TESTING DEVICE PERFORMANCE
Typical Procedures
Spectral Responsivity Systems

TABLE 19 SYSTEMS FOR MEASURING SPECTRAL RESPONSE

Features and Advantages
Current versus Voltage Systems

TABLE 20 INSTRUMENTS FOR CELL I-V MEASUREMENTS

Features and Advantages of I-V Systems
Standard Outdoor Measurement Systems
TRADITIONAL SILICON AND THIN FILM SOLAR CELL EFFICIENCIES

TABLE 21 TYPICAL AND MAXIMUM CELL CONVERSION EFFICIENCIES FOR THE TRADITIONAL PV MATERIALS

Single Solar Cell Efficiency Limit
ADDITIONAL MATERIALS AND MODULE STRUCTURES
GALLIUM ARSENIDE SOLAR CELLS

TABLE 22 KEY PROPERTIES OF GALLIUM ARSENIDE

GaAs Challenges
MULTIJUNCTION DEVICES
Advantages of Multijunction Devices

TABLE 23 MAJOR BENEFITS OF MULTIJUNCTION SOLAR CELLS

Triple Junction Cell Design

TABLE 24 COMPOSITION AND PROJECTED EFFICIENCIES OF A TRIPLE JUNCTION CELL
CONCENTRATORS

TABLE 25 TECHNICAL CHARACTERITICS OF FLAT PLATE VERSUS SOLAR CONCENTRATORS

BALANCE-OF-SYSTEMS
MOUNTING STRUCTURES
STORAGE DEVICES
POWER CONDITIONERS
EMERGING PV TECHNOLOGIES
OBJECTIVES OF EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES

TABLE 26 KEY GOALS OF EMERGING PV TECHNOLOGIES

BACK CONTACT CELL

TABLE 27 KEY ADVANTAGES OF BACK CONTACT CELL

Importance of Lasers
DYE-SENSITIZED CELLS
Properties of the Dye-sensitized Cell

TABLE 28 SCHEMATIC OF DYE-SENSITIZED CELL

Cell Efficiencies
Classification
Fabrication
Advantages of Dye-Sensitized Cells

TABLE 29 KEY BENEFITS OF DYE-SENSITIZED CELLS

QUANTUM DOTS FOR SOLAR CELLS
Properties
Synthesis of Quantum Dots

TABLE 30 METHODS OF SYNTHESIZING QUANTUM DOTS

Advantages of QD Solar Cells

TABLE 31 ADVANTAGES OF COLLOIDAL QDS OVER ORGANIC DYES USED IN PV CELLS
FLEXIBLE VERSUS RIGID SUBSTRATES

TABLE 32 ADVANTAGES OF FLEXIBLE POLYMER-BASED CELLS OVER CONVENTIONAL SOLAR CELL DESIGNS

ORGANIC PHOTOVOLTAICS
SILICON WIRE ARRAYS
PROSPECTS FOR EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES

TABLE 33 PROSPECTS FOR EMERGING SOLAR TECHNOLOGIES

PATENT ANALYSIS
PATENTS BY TECHNICAL CATEGORY

TABLE 34 PHOTOVOLTAIC PATENTS BY TECHNOLOGY, 2007-2015

PATENTS BY REGION

TABLE 35 PV PATENTS BY REGION

PATENTS BY COMPANIES

TABLE 36 COMPANIES THAT WERE AWARDED TWO OR MORE PV PATENTS

SAMPLE PATENT ABSTRACTS
Photovoltaic Module Architecture
Concentrating Type Solar Collection and Daylight System within Glazed Building Envelopes
Planar Solar Concentrator Power Module
Solution Based Fabrication of Photovoltaic Cells
Photovoltaic Thin Film Cell Produced from Metallic Blend using High-temperature Printing
Metal Contact Structure for Solar Cell and Method of Manufacture

CHAPTER SIX: INDUSTRY COMPETITIVENESS
U.S. GOVERNMENT PV SUPPORT
THE SOLAR AMERICA (SAI) INITIATIVE
Benefits of the SAI

TABLE 37 MAJOR BENEFITS OF THE SAI

NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY (NREL)
The U.S. PV Community
INTERNATIONAL PHOTOVOLTAICS SUPPORT
EUROPEAN ACTIVITIES
The European Photovoltaic Technology Platform

TABLE 38 GOALS OF THE PV TECHNOLOGY PLATFORM

EUROPEAN PHOTOVOLTAIC INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION

TABLE 39 BENEFITS OF MEMBERSHIP IN THE EUROPEAN PHOTOVOLTAIC INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION

JAPANESE PV EFFORTS

TABLE 40 REASONS FOR JAPANESE INVESTMENT IN PHOTOVOLTAICS

The Subsidy Program

TABLE 41 QUALIFICATIONS FOR JAPANESE PV SUBSIDIES

OTHER INTERNATIONAL SUPPORT

TABLE 42 ADDITIONAL SOURCES OF INTERNATIONAL PV SUPPORT

PV ECONOMICS AND COSTS
SOLAR REBATES AND INCENTIVES

TABLE 43 BASIC GLOBAL PV REBATES AND INCENTIVES

THE U.S. EXAMPLE
Federal and State PV Incentives
INCENTIVES AND THE ECONOMIC SITUATION
Economic Problems
Expected Outcome

TABLE 44 PROJECTED ECONOMIC OUTCOMES FOR PV

STANDARDS AND SAFETY
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS EFFORTS
The Global Approval Program (PV GAP)
Other Organizations

TABLE 45 STANDARDS AND CONFORMITY ASSESSMENT ORGANIZATIONS

PV TECHNOLOGY
BIPV AND UTILITIES BIG MARKETS
CONTINUING GROWTH OF THIN FILM AND ORGANIC PRODUCTS
PV MARKET GROWTH FACTORS
DRIVING FORCES
IMPACT OF MARKET GROWTH FACTORS

TABLE 46 IMPACT OF CONTRIBUTING FACTORS ON PV GROWTH

CHAPTER SEVEN: PV MARKETS
PV MARKET CHARACTERISTICS
PV DEMAND CONTINUES TO GROW

TABLE 47 GLOBAL PV CELL/MODULE SHIPMENTS, THROUGH 2009 (MEGAWATTS)
FIGURE 3 GLOBAL PV CELL/MODULE SHIPMENTS, 2003-2009 (MEGAWATTS)

AN INCENTIVES-BASED BUSINESS

TABLE 48 INSTALLED GLOBAL PV CAPACITY BY COUNTRY, 2009
FIGURE 4 INSTALLED GLOBAL PV CAPACITY BY COUNTRY, 2009 (GW)

Recession and High Prices Threaten Incentives
Will PV Become Self-Sustaining?
SILICON SUPPLY PROBLEM

TABLE 49 ESTIMATED SILICON USAGE, 2009 (%)
FIGURE 5 SILICON USAGE BY APPLICATION, 2009 (%)

MORE EFFICIENT CAPEX PRODUCTION TOOLS
UTILITY INTERACTION

TABLE 50 CHALLENGES FACING UTILITIES

Feed-in Tariffs and Net Metering
Solar Electric Power Association

TABLE 51 MISSION OF THE SOLAR ELECTRIC POWER ASSOCIATION

REDUCED PV COSTS KEY TO FUTURE

TABLE 52 AVERAGE INSTALLED PHOTOVOLTAIC EFFICIENCIES AND COSTS 1995-2020

Cost-Competitive Aspects
Future Implications
A CONSTANTLY CHANGING INDUSTRY
The Push for New Technologies
SUMMARY OF PV MARKET CHARACTERISTICS

TABLE 53 SUMMARY OF PV MARKET CHARACTERISTICS

CURRENT AND FUTURE APPLICATIONS
GRID-CONNECTED APPLICATIONS
Distributed Generation

TABLE 54 BENEFITS OF DISTRIBUTED GENERATION

Rooftop Systems
Panel Capacities
Panel Types

TABLE 55 KEY ADVANTAGES OF ROOFTOP SYSTEMS

Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV)

TABLE 56 TYPICAL BIPV SYSTEM

Types of BIPV Systems
Other Exterior Options

TABLE 57 MAJOR ADVANTAGES OF BIPV

UTILITY APPLICATIONS
Utility Transmission and Distribution
Utility Scale PV Power

TABLE 58 BENEFITS OF BUILDING A UTILITY-SCALE PV PLANT

Concentrating Photovoltaic Power (CPV) for Utility Scale Energy

TABLE 59 BASICS OF CPV TECHNOLOGY

OFF-GRID SYSTEMS
Off-Grid Residential PV

TABLE 60 TYPES OF OFF-GRID RESIDENTIAL PV SYSTEMS

PV Produced DC Electricity
Off-Grid Industrialized or Residential PV with Generators
Off-Grid Communication Systems

TABLE 61 SOME COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS POWERED BY PV

PV with Battery Storage

TABLE 62 ESTIMATED USES OF PV ON NATIONAL PARK LANDS (%)

Remote Village Electrification

TABLE 63 MAJOR ADVANTAGES OF OFF-GRID VILLAGE ELECTRIFICATION

Water Pumping
SPACE APPLICATIONS

TABLE 64 MAJOR ADVANTAGES OF PV IN SPACE APLICATIONS

Multijunction and Concentrator Cells
NEW APPLICATIONS
Advantages of Flexibility
PHOTOVOLTAIC BUYING DECISIONS

TABLE 65 MAJOR FACTORS IN PV SYSTEM BUYING DECISIONS (%)

PV MARKET FORCES
POSITIVE FACTORS
LIMITING FACTORS
PHOTOVOLTAIC MARKET PROJECTIONS
GROWTH TRENDS

TABLE 66 KEY GROWTH TRENDS IN THE PHOTOVOLTAIC INDUSTRY

THE INCENTIVE FACTOR
FORECAST ASSUMPTIONS

TABLE 67 CURRENT FACTS IMPACTING PV INDUSTRY GROWTH RATE

TABLE 68 FORECAST ASSUMPTIONS—GROWTH OF PV CELLS

MARKET FORECASTS
MONOCRYSTALLINE SILICON SHIPMENTS
Key Factors in Our Projections

TABLE 69 FORECAST—GLOBAL SHIPMENTS OF MONOCRYSTALLINE SILICON CELLS/MODULES, THROUGH 2015 (MEGAWATTS)

FIGURE 6 GLOBAL SHIPMENTS OF MONCRYSTALLINE SOLAR CELLS 2009-2015 (MEGAWATTS)

MULTICRYSTALLINE SILICON SHIPMENTS
Major Factors in Our Projection

TABLE 70 FORECAST—GLOBAL SHIPMENTS OF MULTICRYSTALLINE SILICON SOLAR CELLS THROUGH 2015 (MEGAWATTS)

FIGURE 7 GLOBAL SHIPMENTS OF MULTICRYSTALLINE SOLAR CELLS, 2009-2015 (MEGAWATTS)

THIN FILM SHIPMENTS
Flexible Cells is a Key Issue
Other Thin Film Considerations
Amorphous Silicon
Cadmium Telluride
Copper Indium Diselenide
Compound Semiconductor Materials

TABLE 71 FORECAST—GLOBAL SHIPMENTS OF THIN FILM SOLAR CELLS BY TYPE, THROUGH 2015 (MEGAWATTS)

FIGURE 8 GLOBAL SHIPMENTS OF THIN FILMS PV CELLS BY TYPE, 2009-2015 (MEGAWATTS)

EMERGING TECHNOLOGY SHIPMENTS
Assumptions

TABLE 72 FORECAST—GLOBAL SHIPMENTS OF PV CELLS MADE FROM EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES, THROUGH 2015 (MEGAWATTS)

FIGURE 9 GLOBAL SHIPMENTS OF PV CELLS MADE FROM EMERGING TECHNOLOGY, 2009-2015 (MEGAWATTS)

SHIPMENTS AT A GLANCE

TABLE 73 GLOBAL SHIPMENTS OF PV CELLS BY MAJOR TECHNOLOGY, THROUGH 2015 (MEGAWATTS)

FIGURE 10 GLOBAL SHIPMENTS OF PV CELLS BY TECHNOLOGY, 2009-2015 (MEGAWATTS)

Percent of Market

TABLE 74 GLOBAL SHARES OF CELL/MODULE SHIPMENTS BY MAJOR TECHNOLOGY, 2009-2015 (%)
FIGURE 11 GLOBAL SHARES OF PV CELLS BY TECHNOLOGY, 2009-2015 (%)

VALUE OF SHIPMENTS
Balance of Systems Costs

TABLE 75 GLOBAL MARKET VALUE OF CELL/MODULE SHIPMENTS, THROUGH 2015 (MEGAWATTS, AVERAGE PRICE $ MILLIONS)

FIGURE 12 GLOBAL MARKET VALUE OF CELL/MODULE SHIPMENTS, 2009-2015 (% MILLIONS/W)

SHIPMENTS OF PV MODULES BY APPLICATION

TABLE 76 GLOBAL SHIPMENTS OF PV CELLS BY APPLICATION, THROUGH 2015 (MEGAWATTS)

FIGURE 13 GLOBAL SHIPMENTS OF PV CELLS BY APPLICATION, 2009-2015 (MEGAWATTS)

PROJECTION SUMMARY
MATERIALS PROJECTIONS
MATERIAL CLASSIFICATION
COST BASIS
VALUE OF PV MATERIALS

TABLE 77 GLOBAL MARKET FOR PV CELL/MODULE MATERIALS BY TYPE, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS)

FIGURE 14 MARKET FOR PV CELL/MODULER MATERIALS, 2009-2015 ($ MILLIONS)

APPENDIX: GLOSSARY

LIST OF TABLES

SUMMARY TABLE GLOBAL PHOTOVOLTAIC MARKET: MODULE SHIPMENTS AND MATERIALS, THROUGH 2015 (MEGAWATTS, $
MILLIONS)
TABLE 1 THE GLOBAL ENERGY PROBLEM
TABLE 2 ADVANTAGES OF SOLAR ENERGY
TABLE 3 MAJOR PHOTOVOLTAIC TECHNOLOGIES
TABLE 4 KEY APPLICATIONS OF PHOTOVOLTAICS
TABLE 5 LEADING MANUFACTURERS OF PV CELLS, MODULES AND SYSTEMS
TABLE 6 GLOBAL SHARES OF PV PRODUCTION BY REGION, 2009-2015 (%)
TABLE 7 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION OF PV CELLS BY REGION, 2009-2015 (%)
TABLE 8 ESTIMATED TOP TEN GLOBAL PV PRODUCTION BY COMPANY, 2009 (MEGAWATTS/%)
TABLE 9 SELECTED ORGANIZATIONS DEVELOPING SOLAR CELLS AND RELATED TECHNOLOGIES
TABLE 10 IMPORTANCE OF SELECTING MATERIALS WITH PROPER BAND GAP ENERGY
TABLE 11 ELEMENTS COMMON TO ALL PV CELLS
TABLE 12 MAJOR PARAMETERS FOR SOLAR CELL MATERIALS
TABLE 13 OBJECTIVES OF THIN FILM SOLAR CELLS
TABLE 14 MAJOR ADVANTAGES OF AMORPHOUS SILICON
TABLE 15 AMORPHOUS SILICON R&D ACTIVITIES
TABLE 16 TYPICAL STRUCTURE OF A TRIPLE JUNCTION A-SI CELL
TABLE 17 CELL STRUCTURE OF POLYCRYSTALLINE THIN FILM
TABLE 18 RESEARCH ACTIVITIES FOR CADMIUM TELLURIDE CELLS
TABLE 19 SYSTEMS FOR MEASURING SPECTRAL RESPONSE
TABLE 20 INSTRUMENTS FOR CELL I-V MEASUREMENTS
TABLE 21 TYPICAL AND MAXIMUM CELL CONVERSION EFFICIENCIES FOR THE TRADITIONAL PV MATERIALS
TABLE 22 KEY PROPERTIES OF GALLIUM ARSENIDE
TABLE 23 MAJOR BENEFITS OF MULTIJUNCTION SOLAR CELLS
TABLE 24 COMPOSITION AND PROJECTED EFFICIENCIES OF A TRIPLE JUNCTION CELL
TABLE 25 TECHNICAL CHARACTERITICS OF FLAT PLATE VERSUS SOLAR CONCENTRATORS
TABLE 26 KEY GOALS OF EMERGING PV TECHNOLOGIES
TABLE 27 KEY ADVANTAGES OF BACK CONTACT CELL
TABLE 28 SCHEMATIC OF DYE-SENSITIZED CELL
TABLE 29 KEY BENEFITS OF DYE-SENSITIZED CELLS
TABLE 30 METHODS OF SYNTHESIZING QUANTUM DOTS
TABLE 31 ADVANTAGES OF COLLOIDAL QDS OVER ORGANIC DYES USED IN PV CELLS
TABLE 32 ADVANTAGES OF FLEXIBLE POLYMER-BASED CELLS OVER CONVENTIONAL SOLAR CELL DESIGNS
TABLE 33 PROSPECTS FOR EMERGING SOLAR TECHNOLOGIES
TABLE 34 PHOTOVOLTAIC PATENTS BY TECHNOLOGY, 2007-2015
TABLE 35 PV PATENTS BY REGION
TABLE 36 COMPANIES THAT WERE AWARDED TWO OR MORE PV PATENTS
TABLE 37 MAJOR BENEFITS OF THE SAI
TABLE 38 GOALS OF THE PV TECHNOLOGY PLATFORM
TABLE 39 BENEFITS OF MEMBERSHIP IN THE EUROPEAN PHOTOVOLTAIC INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION
TABLE 40 REASONS FOR JAPANESE INVESTMENT IN PHOTOVOLTAICS
TABLE 41 QUALIFICATIONS FOR JAPANESE PV SUBSIDIES
TABLE 42 ADDITIONAL SOURCES OF INTERNATIONAL PV SUPPORT
TABLE 43 BASIC GLOBAL PV REBATES AND INCENTIVES
TABLE 44 PROJECTED ECONOMIC OUTCOMES FOR PV
TABLE 45 STANDARDS AND CONFORMITY ASSESSMENT ORGANIZATIONS
TABLE 46 IMPACT OF CONTRIBUTING FACTORS ON PV GROWTH
TABLE 47 GLOBAL PV CELL/MODULE SHIPMENTS, THROUGH 2009 (MEGAWATTS)
TABLE 48 INSTALLED GLOBAL PV CAPACITY BY COUNTRY, 2009
TABLE 49 ESTIMATED SILICON USAGE, 2009 (%)
TABLE 50 CHALLENGES FACING UTILITIES
TABLE 51 MISSION OF THE SOLAR ELECTRIC POWER ASSOCIATION
TABLE 52 AVERAGE INSTALLED PHOTOVOLTAIC EFFICIENCIES AND COSTS 1995-2020
TABLE 53 SUMMARY OF PV MARKET CHARACTERISTICS
TABLE 54 BENEFITS OF DISTRIBUTED GENERATION
TABLE 55 KEY ADVANTAGES OF ROOFTOP SYSTEMS
TABLE 56 TYPICAL BIPV SYSTEM
TABLE 57 MAJOR ADVANTAGES OF BIPV
TABLE 58 BENEFITS OF BUILDING A UTILITY-SCALE PV PLANT
TABLE 59 BASICS OF CPV TECHNOLOGY
TABLE 60 TYPES OF OFF-GRID RESIDENTIAL PV SYSTEMS
TABLE 61 SOME COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS POWERED BY PV
TABLE 62 ESTIMATED USES OF PV ON NATIONAL PARK LANDS (%)
TABLE 63 MAJOR ADVANTAGES OF OFF-GRID VILLAGE ELECTRIFICATION
TABLE 64 MAJOR ADVANTAGES OF PV IN SPACE APLICATIONS
TABLE 65 MAJOR FACTORS IN PV SYSTEM BUYING DECISIONS (%)
TABLE 66 KEY GROWTH TRENDS IN THE PHOTOVOLTAIC INDUSTRY .... 142
TABLE 67 CURRENT FACTS IMPACTING PV INDUSTRY GROWTH RATE
TABLE 68 FORECAST ASSUMPTIONS—GROWTH OF PV CELLS
TABLE 69 FORECAST—GLOBAL SHIPMENTS OF MONOCRYSTALLINE SILICON CELLS/MODULES, THROUGH 2015 (MEGAWATTS)
TABLE 70 FORECAST—GLOBAL SHIPMENTS OF MULTICRYSTALLINE SILICON SOLAR CELLS THROUGH 2015 (MEGAWATTS)
TABLE 71 FORECAST—GLOBAL SHIPMENTS OF THIN FILM SOLAR CELLS BY TYPE, THROUGH 2015 (MEGAWATTS)
TABLE 72 FORECAST—GLOBAL SHIPMENTS OF PV CELLS MADE FROM EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES, THROUGH 2015 (MEGAWATTS) .... 155
TABLE 73 GLOBAL SHIPMENTS OF PV CELLS BY MAJOR TECHNOLOGY, THROUGH 2015 (MEGAWATTS)
TABLE 74 GLOBAL SHARES OF CELL/MODULE SHIPMENTS BY MAJOR TECHNOLOGY, 2009-2015 (%)
TABLE 75 GLOBAL MARKET VALUE OF CELL/MODULE SHIPMENTS, THROUGH 2015 (MEGAWATTS, AVERAGE PRICE $ MILLIONS)
TABLE 76 GLOBAL SHIPMENTS OF PV CELLS BY APPLICATION, THROUGH 2015 (MEGAWATTS)
TABLE 77 GLOBAL MARKET FOR PV CELL/MODULE MATERIALS BY TYPE, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS)

LIST OF FIGURES

SUMMARY FIGURE VALUE OF GLOBAL PHOTOVOLTAIC MARKET: MODULE SHIPMENTS AND MATERIALS, 2009-2015 ($ MILLIONS)
FIGURE 1 GLOBAL PV CELL/MODULE MANUFACTURING BY REGION 2009-2015 (%)
FIGURE 2 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION OF PV CELLS BY REGION, 2009-2015 (%)
FIGURE 3 GLOBAL PV CELL/MODULE SHIPMENTS, 2003-2009 (MEGAWATTS)
FIGURE 4 INSTALLED GLOBAL PV CAPACITY BY COUNTRY, 2009 (GW)
FIGURE 5 SILICON USAGE BY APPLICATION, 2009 (%)
FIGURE 6 GLOBAL SHIPMENTS OF MONCRYSTALLINE SOLAR CELLS 2009-2015 (MEGAWATTS)
FIGURE 7 GLOBAL SHIPMENTS OF MULTICRYSTALLINE SOLAR CELLS, 2009-2015 (MEGAWATTS)
FIGURE 8 GLOBAL SHIPMENTS OF THIN FILMS PV CELLS BY TYPE, 2009-2015 (MEGAWATTS)
FIGURE 9 GLOBAL SHIPMENTS OF PV CELLS MADE FROM EMERGING TECHNOLOGY, 2009-2015 (MEGAWATTS)
FIGURE 10 GLOBAL SHIPMENTS OF PV CELLS BY TECHNOLOGY, 2009-2015 (MEGAWATTS)
FIGURE 11 GLOBAL SHARES OF PV CELLS BY TECHNOLOGY, 2009-2015 (%)
FIGURE 12 GLOBAL MARKET VALUE OF CELL/MODULE SHIPMENTS, 2009-2015 (% MILLIONS/W)
FIGURE 13 GLOBAL SHIPMENTS OF PV CELLS BY APPLICATION, 2009-2015 (MEGAWATTS)
FIGURE 14 MARKET FOR PV CELL/MODULER MATERIALS, 2009-2015 ($ MILLIONS)