LED Packaging

Published: January 2013
No. of Pages: 420
  

Packaging cost reduction is driving new technology and design adoption, and fuelling a booming equipment and material market

Objectives of the Report

The objectives of the report are the following:

  • To better understand process flow and technological trends in LED packaging
  • To better understand the importance of cost reduction in LED packaging
  • To better understand who is doing what
  • To provide market metrics both at LED and material/equipment levels

Key Features of the Report

  • Detailed technical analysis of each LED packaging process step
  • LED market metrics (units and value): Forecast 2011 - 2017
  • Packaging equipment market metrics (units and value): Forecast 2011 - 2017
  • Packaging material market metrics (units and value): Forecast 2011 -2017
  • Technology roadmap for adoption of new technologies
  • Supply chain analysis for each LED packaging process step

Emergence of New Design and Technologies

Depending on the device type, packaging can represent 40% to 60% of LED total cost. As such, packaging represents the single-largest opportunity for cost reduction, which is required in order for the industry to access the “Holy Grail” that is General Lighting. However, if you’re expecting this cost reduction to come from standardization, you can abandon all hope. The creativity of LED engineers and specificities of each application have led to an infinite number of package type and formats: Single or multiple chips, low and middle-power Plastic Leaded Chip Carrier (PLCC), ceramic-based high-power LED, small and large arrays, Chip On Board (COB), etc. This profusion of styles is inhibiting LED manufacturing cost reduction by multiplying the Stock Keeping Unit (SKU), thus preventing standardization of the manufacturing process and the associated economies of scale.

In this context, LED manufacturers are reacting by developing new manufacturing philosophies/ concepts, such as:

  • “Design for manufacturing”, which consists of trying to simplify and standardize elements whenever possible, and push differentiation as far downstream as possible in the manufacturing process.
  • “Design for cost”, which consists of favoring cost of ownership or cost per lumen over endperformance.

Technological developments are also impacted by the quest for cost reduction, and LED manufacturers are now searching for equipment and/or materials with the right mix between cost and performance. As a matter of fact, equipment and materials suppliers are proposing more and more equipment and materials that fit these requirements, i.e. laser-based dicer, low-cost ceramic package substrate, etc.

In the end, LEDs are going mainstream but are still not a mature commodity! This is good news for the entire industry, since design and materials innovation still provides opportunity for differentiation. All of this benefits the consumer, who receives budget-friendly, environmentallyfriendly and increasingly credible LED-based alternatives for replacing traditional light sources.

The LED Packaging Materials Market Will Enjoy A 20% CAGR during the Period 2012 - 2017, Driven Primarily by Package Substrate and Phosphors

The package substrate market will attain a CAGR of 20% over the aforementioned period, growing to nearly $900M by 2017. Concerning LED phosphors despite strong price pressure, the associated market will also enjoy double-digit growth, with a CAGR of 20% during the period 2012 - 2017.

In the face of intensifying competition, players are trying to differentiate themselves by proposing an increasing variety of technology options for LED packaging. Substrate material options as well as assembly and interconnection techniques abound as many companies work around the limiting patents of the established players. New players from the general semiconductor markets are proposing new solutions based on their respective capabilities. Similar to IC packaging, new technologies for LED packaging mimic the existing ones, without completely phasing them out -- and there is still a lot of room for innovation, which could lead to more added-value. For such products, however, it remains paramount that the solution offers LED manufacturers an overall reduction in cost of ownership ($/lumen).
At The LED Packaging Equipment Level, Growth Will Return For The Next Three Years

The LED packaging equipment market, which stagnated in 2012 due to industry oversupply, is growing again and will peak at nearly $650M by 2016. LED packagers are still using mostly retrofi tted equipment from the IC industry and relying on existing technology solutions and materials to improve LED cost of ownership and performance. While this has allowed LED manufacturers to benefi t from decades of R&D, and investments in the IC industry, it also limits the industry to a space defi ned by existing technology platforms which are not optimized to the specifi c needs of LEDs. However, the industry has gained enough momentum in 2011/2012 to entice equipment and material providers into developing dedicated solutions for LED manufacturing.

Many dedicated solutions emerging from both existing and new players will allow signifi cant reduction in LED manufacturing cost through improved yields, throughputs and material effi ciency.

This report presents all materials and equipment used in LED packaging. It describes market size and volume, trends per process step (performance, price, emerging technologies…), key suppliers, and much more!

Company Cited in the Report (Non-Exhaustive)

3M, A-Bright, ACC Silicon, Accretech, ADT Dicing, Advanced Photoelectronic, ALSI, AM Technology, Amceram, American bright, American Opto Plus, AOT, Apeax, APT, Asahi Glass, ASM Pacifi c, Assymtec, Autec, Avago, Axxon, Bayer, Bergquist, Brightled, Brightview, BYD, Cascade Microtech, Century Epitech, Ceramtec, CETC, Chroma, Citizen, CMO, Cofan PCB, Cree, CS Bright, Curamik, Daitron, Datacon, Delphi Laser, Denka, Dian, Disco, Dominant Semiconductor, Doosan, Dow Chemical, Dow Corning, Dowa, Dupont, Dynatex, Edison Opto, Photon Star, Epistar, Epitex, Epoxy Technology, epworks, ESEC, ESI, Essemtec, Everlight, EV-Group, Evident Technologies, Excellence, Fangda, Fittech, Formosa Epitaxy, Friatec, GE, Gia Tzoong, Golden Valley, Han’s Laser, Harvatek, Hauman, Heesung, Heptagon, Hilight, Holy Stone, Huixin, huiyuan, Hybond, Hysol (Henkel), Illumitex, Indium Corporation, Intematix, Ipidia, Ismeca, ITRI, Itswell, Iwashita Engineering, IPG Microsystems, JT Corp, kCC, kingbright, kLA Tenkor, kodenshi, kulicke & Soffa, kwality Group, kyocera, Laurier, Leatec Fine Ceramics, Ledengin, Ledtech, Lextar, LG Innotek, Lighting, Lightscape Materials, Ligitek, Lite-on, Loomis, Lord, Lumens, Lumex, Lumileds, lumimicro, Luminus Device, Lumitek, Lustrous, Luxpia, LWB, Master Bond, MDI, Microfab Technology, Micron, Mitsubishi Chemical, Mok san electronics, Momentive, MPI, Murata, Nanoco, Nanometric, Nanosys, Natel, Nationstar, Neo-Neon, Neopac, Nexxus Lighting, Nichia, Nihon Garter, NIMS, Ninex, NN Crystal, Nordson Asymtek, Nusil, NXP, Oasis, Omnivision, On Chip, On Semiconductor, Optek, Optest, Opto Systems, Optotech, Osram, Palomar Technologies, Panasonic, Perkin Elmer, Phosphortech, Planoptik, Powerlightec, QD Vision, QMC...

LED Packaging

Table of Contents

Acronyms 9

Executive Summary 10

LED Market Overview 29

Executive Summary
Introduction
Segmentation of High-Brightness LEDs
Example of Low and Middle-Power LED Packages
Example of High-Power LED Packages
Qualified vs. Non-Qualified LED
LED Industry History
Packaged LED Revenue Forecast by Application
Packaged LED Volume Forecast by Application
Packaged LED Die Surface Forecast by Application
Packaged LED Volume Forecast by Type
LED Penetration Rates Comparison 2012 vs. 2020
Packaged LED Price Trends
GaN Reactor Capacity vs. Demand
General Lighting Lumen Consumption Forecast

LED Packaging Overview 48
The Functions of LED Packaging
Main Integration Strategies
Key Components of a Packaged LED
LED Packaging: Typical Process Flow
GaN LED Chip Design
Simple MESA
Flip Chip (FC)
Vertical Thin Film (VTF)
Thin Film Flip Chip (TFFC)
Vertical Thin Film with Vias (VTFV)
Low & Middle-Power LED Packaging
High-Power LED Packaging
Packaging Process Overview
Examples
Packaged LED Cost Structure
HB LED Packaging Companies
Leading LED Packaging Companies 2011 Revenue Ranking
Supply Chain

Wafer Bonding 70
Position in the Process
Executive Summary
Permanent Bonding
Introduction
Process Selection
Carrier Substrate
Equipment
Alternatives to Wafer Bonding
Equipment Volumes and Revenues

Wafer Bonding 85
Position in the Process
Executive Summary
Introduction
Overview
Substrate Removal Technologies
Laser Lift Off
Overview
Specificities
Equipment
IP Environment
Potential Effect on Reverse Leakage Current
Yield Aspects
Chemical Lift Off
New Techniques in Development
ASTRI Chemical Mechanical Planarization
Yale University Electrochemical Etching
NTT Mechanical Transfer
Focus on GaAs-Based LEDs
LLO Equipment Volumes and Revenues

Die Singulation 108
Position in the Process
Executive Summary
Introduction
Preliminary Definitions
Overview of Die Singulation Techniques
Blade Dicing
Overview
Advantages & Drawbacks
Laser Dicing
Overview
Advantages & Drawbacks
Additional Challenges
Diamond Scribing
UV Laser Scribing
Overview
Equipment
Comparison of Scribing Techniques
for Sapphire
Breaking Systems
Comparison of Die Singulation Techniques
Emerging Technologies
Stealth Dicing
Serial Multibeam Laser Dicing
Parallel Multibeam Laser Scribing
Thermal Laser Separation
Short Pulse Fiber Lasers Dicing
Alternative Techniques
Chemical Etching
Plasma Dicing
Novel Chip Geometries
LED Die Separation Main Players
Die Singulation Equipment Market
Market Share by Technology
Equipment ASP
Equipment Volumes and Revenues

Thermal Management Packaging Substrates (Including COB) 146
Position in the Process
Executive Summary
Introduction
Low and Middle-Power Packaged LEDs
Overview
Compression Process for Plastic Packages on
Leadframes (1/2)
Substrate for Middle-Power LEDs
High-Power Packaged LEDs
Thermal Management of High-Power LEDs
Overview
Material Properties
Main Design Options
Overview of Substrates Material Options
Leadframe/Heat Slug Substrates
Overview
Structures
Examples
Manufacturing Process
Volumes
Conclusions
Ceramic Substrates
Overview
Description
Typical Manufacturing Process
Segmentation
Structures
Examples
Focus on Direct Plated Copper (DPC)
Focus on Low Temperature Co-Fired Ceramic
(LTCC)
Al2O3 vs. AlN
Summary
Main Players
Silicon Substrates
Overview
Examples
Glass Ceramic Substrates
Diamond Substrates
Choosing the Substrate Type
Chip On Board
Introduction
Benefits
SMT Packages vs. Chip On Board
Connection to the Fixture
Examples
Metal Core PCB
Challenges & Alternatives
Examples
New Trend
Substrates vs. Circuit Board Material Options
AL2O3 vs. AlN vs. MCPCB
COB vs. Package Substrate
Global Analysis
Substrates vs. Circuit Board Material Options
Choosing the Substrate Type
Overview
Trends
High-Power LED Substrate
Market Penetration by Substrate Type
Volumes by Substrate Type
Average Selling Price
Revenue by Substrate Type

Thermal Management Module Substrates (Including COH) 215
PCB For LED Modules
PCB for LED Lighting Applications
Overview of Key PCB Properties
Typical PCB Usage vs. LED Power
Glass Epoxy PCB
Overview
Focus on Enhanced Glass Epoxy PCB
Metal Core PCB
Overview
Importance of the Prepreg
Enhanced Metal Core PCB
Focus on Vertical Metal Post MCPCB
Focus on Diamond-Like Carbon MCPCB
Anodized Aluminum Substrate
Ceramic PCB
Thick film paste
Chip On Heat Sink
Overview
Example
Ceramic Based Heatsink

ESD Protection 239
Position in the Process
Executive Summary
Introduction to the ESD/EOS Issues of High-
Power LEDs
Where are ESD/TVS Diodes Used?
Overview
Examples
Adoption Rate of ESD Protection
Zener and Avalanche Diodes
Overview
Examples
ESD Protection with Silicon Submounts
Overview
Examples
Packaged LED with Zener Diode on Substrate
ESD Protection into Ceramic Substrate
ESD Diodes and Submounts Manufacturers
ESD Protection Diodes Volumes
High-Power LED Package ESD Protection
Revenue by Diode Integration Scheme
Silicon Substrates Volumes

Die Attach / Die Bonding 259
Position in the Process
Executive Summary
Introduction
Overview of Materials and Techniques
Resin/Adhesives Die Attach
Epoxy and Acrylic
Silver-Filled Epoxy
Al2O3 Filler
Backside Metallization for Vertical LED Structure
HMP Eutectic Die Attach
Au/Sn Solder Paste
Metallization Techniques
No Epoxy Nor Solder Paste
Emerging Technique
Ag Sintering
Nanoporous Sponge
Comparison of Attach Techniques Gluing vs.
Soldering
Potential Failure Associated with Die Attach
Summary table

Interconnects 277
Position in the Process
Executive Summary
Overview
Wire Bonding
Overview
Comparison of Techniques
Challenges
Materials
Typical Failure
Ribbon Bonding
Flip Chip
Overview
Layout Principles and Technologies
Example Lumileds Luxeon Rebel
Alternatives Techniques
High-Power Companies Using/Designing Flip
Chip LEDs
Current Distribution Vias
Interconnection Volumes
Flip Chip Bonding Equipment Volume and Revenue
Die Placement Equipment Overview
Die Placement Equipment Volume

Encapsulation and Optics 306
Position in the Process
Executive Summary
Introduction
Primary Optics vs. Secondary Optics
Overview
The Case of Low-Power LEDs
Materials
Overview
Epoxy vs. Silicone
Focus on Silicone
Overview
The Different Type of Silicone for
Encapsulation
Intrinsic Material Challenges
Gas Permeability Aspects
Deposition Process
Overview
Focus on Printing/Screen Printing
Focus on Molding
Micro Optics
Gradient Index Lens Wafers
Volume Breakdown by Function
Revenue Breakdown by Function
Volume Breakdown by Package Type

Phosphors 334
Position in the Process
Executive Summary
Phosphor Configurations and Deposition
Methods
How to Make White Light?
Key Requirements
The Different Types of PC-LED
Deposition Methods
Dispersion
Needle vs. Jet Dispensing
Conformal Coating
Preformed Phosphors
Illustrations
LED Phosphor IP
The Most Standard Phosphor Compositions
Less Common and Emerging Compositions
Phosphor Compositions Summary
Phosphor Materials Timeline
LED Phosphors ASP
Market Revenue
Quantum Dots
Overview & Definition
Display Applications
Lighting Applications
Conclusions

Wafer Level Packaging 362
Executive Summary
Overview
WLP Manufacturing Status
Wafer Level Phosphor Coating
Overview
Package Level vs. Wafer Level
Emerging Trends Spraying & Printing
Wafer Level Encapsulation/Optics
Lens Molding
Emerging Trends Moldless Encapsulation
Silicon Substrate and WLP
Overview
Embedded Zener Diodes
Through Silicon Vias
Main Players by Wafer Size (R&D or
Production)
Cost Aspects
High-Power LED and Equipment Companies
with Wafer Level Packaging Production or
R&D Projects
Focus on Hymite (DK)
Focus on EPWorks (KR)
Focus on Touch Micro System Technology (TW)
Focus on VisEra (TW)
Focus on SibDi (TW)
Focus on LG Innotek (KR)
Non Silicon-Based WLP Technologies
Wafer Level Bumping
Technology Challenges
Long-Term Vision for WLP
Introduction
Wafer to Wafer Packaging
3D interposer to Combine MOSFET and ASIC
LED Driver
Example of Initial Achievements
3D Packaging Roadmap

Testing and Binning 397
Position in the Process
Executive Summary
Introduction
Overview of LED Testing and Sorting/Binning
Example of Testing Workflow in LED
Manufacturing
Measurement Challenges
Wafer Level And Die Testing
Optical Inspection and Probing
Visual Inspection and Probing
Sorting & Binning
Package Testing and Sorting
Equipment, Capex and Throughput
Optical and Visual Inspection
Wafer, Die Testers and Sorters
Packaged LED Testers, Sorters and Taping
Software
Main Players
Testing Equipment Volumes
Testing Equipment Revenue

General Conclusion 418

Published By: Yole Developpement
Product Code: Yole Developpement1074


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