Table of Contents
Dr Paul Breeze
Disclaimer
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
An introduction to coal fired power generation
The coal resource
Conventional coal-fired power generation technology
Advanced coal cycles
Carbon dioxide transport and storage
Coal combustion, politics and the environment
The cost of coal-fired power generation
The future of coal fired power generation
An introduction to coal fired power generation
Summary
Introduction
Emission control and the coal-fired power plant market
Energy security
The structure of the report
The coal resource
Summary
Introduction
Global coal reserves
Coal production
Coal consumption
Coal trade
Conventional coal-fired power generation technology
Summary
Introduction
Conventional coal burning technology
Coal-fired boilers
Boiler types
Plant efficiency and carbon dioxide emissions
Steam turbines and coal plant size
Fluidized bed boilers
Emission control
Sulphur dioxide control
Nitrogen oxide control
Dust
Mercury
Carbon dioxide removal
Carbon capture retrofitting
Biomass cofiring
Advanced coal cycles
Summary
Introduction
Coal gasification
Coal gasification with carbon capture
Oxyfuel combustion
Chemical looping
Fuel cells
Carbon dioxide transport and storage
Summary
Introduction
Carbon dioxide storage
Monitoring of storage sites
Carbon transportation
Network development
Coal combustion, politics and the environment; issues of legislation and regulation
Summary
Introduction
Coal mining
The products of coal combustion
Emission control regulatory strategies
Coal subsidies
The cost of coal-fired power generation
Summary
Introduction
The cost of coal
The capital cost of a coal-fired power plant
The levelized cost of electricity from coal-fired power stations
The future of coal-fired power generation
Summary
Introduction
Coal consumption growth
Coal for power generation
The competition: levelized cost comparisons with other generation sources
The market for coal-fired power generation
The future of coal-fired power generation
Appendix
Bibliography/References
List of Tables
Table: Proportion of coal in power generation mix for leading countries (%), 2010
Table: Coal types, 2011
Table: Proven coal reserves to the end of 2010 (mtonnes)
Table: Proved recoverable reserves from World Energy Council, 2008
Table: Top ten countries by resource (mtonnes), 2008
Table: World coal production (mtonnes), 2010
Table: Top ten hard coal producers (mtonnes), 2009
Table: Global annual coal consumption (mtonnes), 2010
Table: Global coal consumption by region (mtonnes)
Table: Top ten coal consumers (mtonnes oil equivalent), 2010
Table: Top coal exporters (mtonnes), 2009
Table: Top coal importers (mtonnes), 2009
Table: Coal-fired boiler steam conditions and efficiency, 2011
Table: Typical carbon dioxide production per kWh as a function of efficiency in a coal-fired plant (kgCO 2 /kg coal), 2011
Table: EU Emission limits
Table: US emission standards, 2011
Table: Sulphur dioxide removal systems
Table: Nitrogen Oxide removal systems, 2011
Table: Effect of retrofitting carbon capture on plant efficiency (%), 2011
Table: IGCC plant efficiency (%), 2011
Table: Main characteristics of alternative combustion technologies, 2011
Table: Fuel cell types and characteristics, 2011
Table: Potential global underground storage capacities (Gt CO 2 ), 2011
Table: Potential length of carbon dioxide transportation network (km), 2010
Table: The products of coal combustion, 2011
Table: Global fossil fuel subsidies ($bn), 2011
Table: The historical cost of coal in the US ($/tonne)
Table: Northern European coal prices ($/t)
Table: 2008 steam coal for power generation prices (£/t)
Table: Capital cost of coal-fired power plants with and without carbon capture ($/kW), 2011
Table: Capital cost of coal fired plants in the US, 2011
Table: The cost of electricity from coal fired power plants 2010-2015 ($/MWh), 2010
Table: Levelized cost of electricity from coal-fired power plants with and without carbon capture, 2011
Table: Levelized cost of electricity base on Lazard analysis ($/MWh), 2010
Table: Levelized cost of electricity for US coal-fired plants entering service in 2016
Table: Historical and predicted total coal consumption, by region (mtoe), 2011
Table: Coal's share of global electricity sector generation (%), 2010
Table: Coal's share of power generation, by region (%), 2010
Table: Levelized cost of electricity for plants entering service in 2015
Table: US levelized cost of electricity for plants entering service in 2016 ($/MWh), 2011
List of Figures
Figure: Proportion of coal in power generation mix for leading countries (%), 2010
Figure: Proven coal reserves to the end of 2010
Figure: Proved recoverable reserves from World Energy Council, 2008
Figure: Top ten countries by resource (mtonnes), 2008
Figure: World coal production (mtonnes), 2010
Figure: Top ten hard coal producers (mtonnes), 2009
Figure: Global annual coal consumption (mtonnes), 2010
Figure: Global coal consumption by region (mtonnes)
Figure: Top ten coal consumers (mtonnes oil equivalent), 2010
Figure: Top coal exporters (mtonnes), 2009
Figure: Top coal importers (mtonnes), 2009
Figure: Typical carbon dioxide production per kWh as a function of efficiency in a coal-fired plant (kgCO 2 /kg coal), 2011
Figure: Potential global underground storage capacities (Gt CO 2 ), 2011
Figure: Potential length of carbon dioxide transportation network (km), 2010
Figure: Global fossil fuel subsidies ($bn), 2011
Figure: Northern European coal prices ($/t)
Figure: 2008 steam coal for power generation prices (£/t)
Figure: Capital cost of coal fired plants in the US, 2011
Figure: Levelized cost of electricity base on Lazard analysis ($/MWh), 2010
Figure: Historical and predicted total coal consumption, by region (mtoe), 2011
Figure: Coal's share of global electricity sector generation (%), 2010
Figure: Levelized cost of electricity for plants entering service in 2015
Figure: US levelized cost of electricity for plants entering service in 2016 ($/MWh), 2011