Table of Contents
China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Market Research Report 2018
1 Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Overview
1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide
1.2 Classification of Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide by Product Category
1.2.1 China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Sales (K Units) Comparison by Type (2013-2025)
1.2.2 China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Sales (K Units) Market Share by Type in 2017
1.2.3 TBzTD-70
1.2.4 TBzTD-75
1.3 China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Market by Application/End Users
1.3.1 China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Sales (K Units) and Market Share Comparison by Applications (2013-2025)
1.3.2 Rubber Accelerator
1.3.3 Rubber Retarder
1.4 China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Market by Region
1.4.1 China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Market Size (Million USD) Comparison by Region (2013-2025)
1.4.2 South China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Status and Prospect (2013-2025)
1.4.3 East China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Status and Prospect (2013-2025)
1.4.4 Southwest China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Status and Prospect (2013-2025)
1.4.5 Northeast China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Status and Prospect (2013-2025)
1.4.6 North China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Status and Prospect (2013-2025)
1.4.7 Central China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Status and Prospect (2013-2025)
1.5 China Market Size (Sales and Revenue) of Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide (2013-2025)
1.5.1 China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Sales (K Units) and Growth Rate (%)(2013-2025)
1.5.2 China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (%)(2013-2025)
2 China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Market Competition by Players/Manufacturers
2.1 China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Sales and Market Share of Key Players/Manufacturers (2013-2018)
2.2 China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Revenue and Share by Players/Manufacturers (2013-2018)
2.3 China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Average Price (USD/Unit) by Players/Manufacturers (2013-2018)
2.4 China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Market Competitive Situation and Trends
2.4.1 China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Market Concentration Rate
2.4.2 China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Market Share of Top 3 and Top 5 Players/Manufacturers
2.4.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion in China Market
2.5 China Players/Manufacturers Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Manufacturing Base Distribution, Sales Area, Product Types
3 China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Sales and Revenue by Region (2013-2018)
3.1 China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Sales (K Units) and Market Share by Region (2013-2018)
3.2 China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Region (2013-2018)
3.3 China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Price (USD/Unit) by Regions (2013-2018)
4 China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Sales and Revenue by Type/ Product Category (2013-2018)
4.1 China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Sales (K Units) and Market Share by Type/ Product Category (2013-2018)
4.2 China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Type (2013-2018)
4.3 China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Price (USD/Unit) by Type (2013-2018)
4.4 China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Sales Growth Rate (%) by Type (2013-2018)
5 China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Sales by Application (2013-2018)
5.1 China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Sales (K Units) and Market Share by Application (2013-2018)
5.2 China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Sales Growth Rate (%) by Application (2013-2018)
5.3 Market Drivers and Opportunities
6 China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Players/Suppliers Profiles and Sales Data
6.1 MLPC International
6.1.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
6.1.2 Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Product Category, Application and Specification
6.1.2.1 Product A
6.1.2.2 Product B
6.1.3 MLPC International Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (%)(2013-2018)
6.1.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.2 OUCHI SHINKO CHEMICAL
6.2.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
6.2.2 Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Product Category, Application and Specification
6.2.2.1 Product A
6.2.2.2 Product B
6.2.3 OUCHI SHINKO CHEMICAL Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (%)(2013-2018)
6.2.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.3 Rhein Chemie Additives
6.3.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
6.3.2 Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Product Category, Application and Specification
6.3.2.1 Product A
6.3.2.2 Product B
6.3.3 Rhein Chemie Additives Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (%)(2013-2018)
6.3.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.4 Performance Additives
6.4.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
6.4.2 Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Product Category, Application and Specification
6.4.2.1 Product A
6.4.2.2 Product B
6.4.3 Performance Additives Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (%)(2013-2018)
6.4.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.5 Puyang Willing Chemicals
6.5.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
6.5.2 Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Product Category, Application and Specification
6.5.2.1 Product A
6.5.2.2 Product B
6.5.3 Puyang Willing Chemicals Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (%)(2013-2018)
6.5.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.6 Yuhong
6.6.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
6.6.2 Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Product Category, Application and Specification
6.6.2.1 Product A
6.6.2.2 Product B
6.6.3 Yuhong Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (%)(2013-2018)
6.6.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.7 Tianyu New Materials
6.7.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
6.7.2 Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Product Category, Application and Specification
6.7.2.1 Product A
6.7.2.2 Product B
6.7.3 Tianyu New Materials Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (%)(2013-2018)
6.7.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.8 Lianlian Chemical
6.8.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
6.8.2 Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Product Category, Application and Specification
6.8.2.1 Product A
6.8.2.2 Product B
6.8.3 Lianlian Chemical Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (%)(2013-2018)
6.8.4 Main Business/Business Overview
7 Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Manufacturing Cost Analysis
7.1 Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Key Raw Materials Analysis
7.1.1 Key Raw Materials
7.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
7.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
7.1.4 Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials
7.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure
7.2.1 Raw Materials
7.2.2 Labor Cost
7.2.3 Manufacturing Expenses
7.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide
8 Industrial Chain, Sourcing Strategy and Downstream Buyers
8.1 Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Industrial Chain Analysis
8.2 Upstream Raw Materials Sourcing
8.3 Raw Materials Sources of Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Major Manufacturers in 2017
8.4 Downstream Buyers
9 Marketing Strategy Analysis, Distributors/Traders
9.1 Marketing Channel
9.1.1 Direct Marketing
9.1.2 Indirect Marketing
9.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
9.2 Market Positioning
9.2.1 Pricing Strategy
9.2.2 Brand Strategy
9.2.3 Target Client
9.3 Distributors/Traders List
10 Market Effect Factors Analysis
10.1 Technology Progress/Risk
10.1.1 Substitutes Threat
10.1.2 Technology Progress in Related Industry
10.2 Consumer Needs/Customer Preference Change
10.3 Economic/Political Environmental Change
11 China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Market Size (Sales and Revenue) Forecast (2018-2025)
11.1 China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD) Forecast (2018-2025)
11.2 China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Sales (K Units) Forecast by Type (2018-2025)
11.3 China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Sales (K Units) Forecast by Application (2018-2025)
11.4 China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Sales (K Units) Forecast by Region (2018-2025)
12 Research Findings and Conclusion
13 Methodology and Data Source
13.1 Methodology/Research Approach
13.1.1 Research Programs/Design
13.1.2 Market Size Estimation
13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.2 Data Source
13.2.1 Secondary Sources
13.2.2 Primary Sources
13.3 Disclaimer
13.4 Author List
List of Tables and Figures
Figure Global and China Market Size (Million USD) Comparison (2013-2025)
Table Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Sales (K Units) and Revenue (Million USD) Market Split by Product Type
Table Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Sales (K Units) by Application (2013-2025)
Figure Product Picture of Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide
Table China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Sales (K Units) and Growth Rate (%) Comparison by Types (Product Category) (2013-2025)
Figure China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Sales Volume Market Share by Types in 2017
Figure TBzTD-70 Product Picture
Figure TBzTD-75 Product Picture
Figure China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Sales (K Units) Comparison by Application (2013-2025)
Figure China Sales Market Share (%) of Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide by Application in 2017
Figure Rubber Accelerator Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Rubber Accelerator
Figure Rubber Retarder Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Rubber Retarder
Figure South China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure East China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure Southwest China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure Northeast China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure North China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure Central China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Sales (K Units) and Growth Rate (%)(2013-2025)
Figure China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (%)(2013-2025)
Table China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Sales of Key Players/Manufacturers (2013-2018)
Table China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Sales Share (%) by Players/Manufacturers (2013-2018)
Figure 2017 China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Sales Share (%) by Players/Manufacturers
Figure 2017 China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Sales Share (%) by Players/Manufacturers
Table China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Revenue by Players/Manufacturers (2013-2018)
Table China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Revenue Market Share (%) by Players/Manufacturers (2013-2018)
Figure 2017 China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Revenue Market Share (%) by Players/Manufacturers
Figure 2017 China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Revenue Market Share (%) by Players/Manufacturers
Table China Market Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Average Price of Key Players/Manufacturers (2013-2018)
Figure China Market Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Average Price of Key Players/Manufacturers in 2017
Figure China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Market Share of Top 3 Players/Manufacturers
Figure China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Market Share of Top 5 Players/Manufacturers
Table China Players/Manufacturers Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Manufacturing Base Distribution and Sales Area
Table China Players/Manufacturers Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Product Category
Table China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Sales (K Units) by Regions (2013-2018)
Table China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Sales Share (%) by Regions (2013-2018)
Figure China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Sales Share (%) by Regions (2013-2018)
Figure China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Sales Market Share (%) by Regions in 2017
Table China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Regions (2013-2018)
Table China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Revenue Market Share (%) by Regions (2013-2018)
Figure China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Revenue Market Share (%) by Regions (2013-2018)
Figure China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Revenue Market Share (%) by Regions in 2017
Table China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Price (USD/Unit) by Regions (2013-2018)
Table China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Sales (K Units) by Type (2013-2018)
Table China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Sales Share (%) by Type (2013-2018)
Figure China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Sales Share (%) by Type (2013-2018)
Figure China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Sales Market Share (%) by Type in 2017
Table China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Type (2013-2018)
Table China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Revenue Market Share (%) by Type (2013-2018)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide by Type (2013-2018)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide by Type in 2017
Table China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Price (USD/Unit) by Types (2013-2018)
Figure China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Sales Growth Rate (%) by Type (2013-2018)
Table China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Sales (K Units) by Applications (2013-2018)
Table China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Sales Market Share (%) by Applications (2013-2018)
Figure China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Sales Market Share (%) by Application (2013-2018)
Figure China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Sales Market Share (%) by Application in 2017
Table China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Sales Growth Rate (%) by Application (2013-2018)
Figure China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Sales Growth Rate (%) by Application (2013-2018)
Table MLPC International Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Basic Information List
Table MLPC International Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (%)(2013-2018)
Figure MLPC International Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Sales (K Units) and Growth Rate (%)(2013-2018)
Figure MLPC International Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Sales Market Share (%) in China (2013-2018)
Figure MLPC International Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2013-2018)
Table OUCHI SHINKO CHEMICAL Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Basic Information List
Table OUCHI SHINKO CHEMICAL Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (%)(2013-2018)
Figure OUCHI SHINKO CHEMICAL Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Sales (K Units) and Growth Rate (%)(2013-2018)
Figure OUCHI SHINKO CHEMICAL Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Sales Market Share (%) in China (2013-2018)
Figure OUCHI SHINKO CHEMICAL Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2013-2018)
Table Rhein Chemie Additives Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Basic Information List
Table Rhein Chemie Additives Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (%)(2013-2018)
Figure Rhein Chemie Additives Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Sales (K Units) and Growth Rate (%)(2013-2018)
Figure Rhein Chemie Additives Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Sales Market Share (%) in China (2013-2018)
Figure Rhein Chemie Additives Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2013-2018)
Table Performance Additives Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Basic Information List
Table Performance Additives Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (%)(2013-2018)
Figure Performance Additives Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Sales (K Units) and Growth Rate (%)(2013-2018)
Figure Performance Additives Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Sales Market Share (%) in China (2013-2018)
Figure Performance Additives Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2013-2018)
Table Puyang Willing Chemicals Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Basic Information List
Table Puyang Willing Chemicals Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (%)(2013-2018)
Figure Puyang Willing Chemicals Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Sales (K Units) and Growth Rate (%)(2013-2018)
Figure Puyang Willing Chemicals Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Sales Market Share (%) in China (2013-2018)
Figure Puyang Willing Chemicals Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2013-2018)
Table Yuhong Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Basic Information List
Table Yuhong Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (%)(2013-2018)
Figure Yuhong Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Sales (K Units) and Growth Rate (%)(2013-2018)
Figure Yuhong Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Sales Market Share (%) in China (2013-2018)
Figure Yuhong Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2013-2018)
Table Tianyu New Materials Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Basic Information List
Table Tianyu New Materials Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (%)(2013-2018)
Figure Tianyu New Materials Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Sales (K Units) and Growth Rate (%)(2013-2018)
Figure Tianyu New Materials Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Sales Market Share (%) in China (2013-2018)
Figure Tianyu New Materials Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2013-2018)
Table Lianlian Chemical Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Basic Information List
Table Lianlian Chemical Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (%)(2013-2018)
Figure Lianlian Chemical Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Sales (K Units) and Growth Rate (%)(2013-2018)
Figure Lianlian Chemical Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Sales Market Share (%) in China (2013-2018)
Figure Lianlian Chemical Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2013-2018)
Table Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material
Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide
Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide
Figure Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Industrial Chain Analysis
Table Raw Materials Sources of Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Major Players/Manufacturers in 2017
Table Major Buyers of Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide
Table Distributors/Traders List
Figure China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Sales (K Units) and Growth Rate (%) Forecast (2018-2025)
Figure China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2025)
Figure China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Price (USD/Unit) Trend Forecast (2018-2025)
Table China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Sales (K Units) Forecast by Type (2018-2025)
Figure China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Sales (K Units) Forecast by Type (2018-2025)
Figure China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Sales Volume Market Share Forecast by Type in 2025
Table China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Sales (K Units) Forecast by Application (2018-2025)
Figure China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Sales Volume Market Share Forecast by Application (2018-2025)
Figure China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Sales Volume Market Share Forecast by Application in 2025
Table China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Sales (K Units) Forecast by Regions (2018-2025)
Table China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Sales Volume Share Forecast by Regions (2018-2025)
Figure China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Sales Volume Share Forecast by Regions (2018-2025)
Figure China Tetrabenzyl Thiuram Disulfide Sales Volume Share Forecast by Regions in 2025
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources